Levesque JF, Harris MF, Russell G. Patient-centered access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-18.
Article
Google Scholar
Runkle JD, Brock-Martin A, Karmaus W, Svendsen ER. Secondary surge capacity: a framework for understanding long-term access to primary care for medically vulnerable populations in disaster recovery. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:e24–32. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301027.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic: World Health Organization; 2020. [Accessed: 14 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
Book
Google Scholar
Petersen E, Koopmans M, Go U, Hamer DH, Petrosillo N, Castelli F, et al. Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30484-9.
Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 United States cases by county. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University; 2020. [Accessed: 18 December 2020]. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map
Google Scholar
Paul R, Arif AA, Adeyemi O, Ghosh S, Han D. Progression of COVID-19 from urban to rural areas in the United States: a spatiotemporal analysis of prevalence rates. J Rural Health. 2020;36:591–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12486.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreland A, Herlihy C, Tynan MA, Sunshine G, McCord RF, Hilton C, et al. Timing of state and territorial COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and changes in population movement—United States, march 1–may 31, 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:1198 Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6935a2, 35, 1203, DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6935a2.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Eby K. Coronavirus Timeline: Tracking Major Moments of COVID-19 Pandemic in San Francisco Bay Area. ABC7 News. 2020. [Accessed: 18 December 2020]. Available from: https://abc7news.com/timeline-of-coronavirus-us-covid-19-bay-area-sf/6047519/
Google Scholar
Dave D, Friedson AI, Matsuzawa K, Sabia JJ. When do shelter-in-place orders fight COVID-19 best? Policy heterogeneity across states and adoption time. Econ Inq. 2020;59:29–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12944.
Article
Google Scholar
Friedson AI, McNichols D, Sabia JJ, Dave D. Shelter-in-place orders and public health: evidence from California during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Policy Analysis Manag. 2021;40:258–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22267.
Article
Google Scholar
Deliso M. California reports record for COVID-19 deaths as ICU bed availability falls. ABC News 2020. [Accessed: 18 December 2020]. Available from: https://abcnews.go.com/Health/california-reports-record-covid-19-deaths-icu-bed/story?id=74790811.
Google Scholar
COVID C. 19 (coronavirus disease): people with certain medical conditions. Cent Dis Control Prev. 2020; Accessed: 18 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html.
Woodworth KR, Olsen EO, Neelam V, Lewis EL, Galang RR, Oduyebo T, et al. Birth and infant outcomes following laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy—SET-NET, 16 jurisdictions, march 29–October 14, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1635. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6944e2.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Partridge S, Balayla J, Holcroft CA, Abenhaim HA. Inadequate prenatal care utilization and risks of infant mortality and poor birth outcome: a retrospective analysis of 28,729,765 US deliveries over 8 years. Am J Perinatol. 2012;29(10):787. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1316439–94.
Article
Google Scholar
Reichman NE, Corman H, Noonan K, Schwartz-Soicher O. Effects of prenatal care on maternal postpartum behaviors. Rev Econ Househ. 2010;8:171–97 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-009-9074-5.
Article
Google Scholar
Brolin Ribacke KJ, Saulnier DD, Eriksson A, Von Schreeb J. Effects of the West Africa Ebola virus disease on health-care utilization–a systematic review. Front Public Health. 2016;4:222 Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00222.
Article
Google Scholar
Moyer CA, Compton SD, Kaselitz E, Muzik M. Pregnancy-related anxiety during COVID-19: a nationwide survey of 2740 pregnant women. Arch Womens Mental Health. 2020:1–9 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-020-01073-5.
Ravaldi C, Wilson A, Ricca V, Homer C, Vannacci A. Pregnant women voice their concerns and birth expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Women Birth. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.07.002.
Sahin BM, Kabakci EN. The experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A qualitative study. Women Birth. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.09.022. 34(2):162–9.
Davis-Floyd R, Gutschow K, Schwartz DA. Pregnancy, birth and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Med Anthropol. 2020;39:413–27 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2020.1761804.
Article
Google Scholar
Bobrow E. A chaotic week for pregnant women in new York City. New Yorker; 2020.
Google Scholar
Goer H. Dueling statistics: is out-of-hospital birth safe. J Perinat Educ. 2016;25:75–9 Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1891%2F1058-1243.25.2.75.
Article
Google Scholar
Hutton EK, Reitsma A, Simioni J, Brunton G, Kaufman K. Perinatal or neonatal mortality among women who intend at the onset of labour to give birth at home compared to women of low obstetrical risk who intend to give birth in hospital: a systematic review and meta-analyses. EClinicalMedicine. 2019;14:59-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.07.005.
Gur RE, White LK, Waller R, Barzilay R, Moore TM, Kornfield S, et al. The disproportionate burden of the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant black women. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113475. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113475.
Feijen-de Jong EI, Jansen DE, Baarveld F, van der Schans CP, Schellevis FG, Reijneveld SA. Determinants of late and/or inadequate use of prenatal healthcare in high-income countries: a systematic review. Eur J Pub Health. 2012;22:904–13 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr164.
Article
Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. American community survey demographic and housing estimates: California. 2018. Available from: https://data.census.gov/cedsci
Google Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics, final natality data, Kotelchuck M. An evaluation of the Kessner Adequacy of Prenatal Care Index and a proposed Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(9):1414–20. [Accessed 16 April 2021]. Available from www.marchofdimes.org/peristats. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.84.9.1414.
Article
Google Scholar
Willis E, McManus P, Magallanes N, Johnson S, Majnik A. Conquering racial disparities in perinatal outcomes. Clin Perinatol. 2014;41:847-875. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2014.08.008.
Shah PS, Zao J, Al-Wassia H, Shah V. Knowledge synthesis group on determinants of preterm/LBW births. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of Aboriginal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Womens Health Issues. 2011;21:28–39 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2010.08.005.
Article
Google Scholar
Tikkanen R, Gunja MZ, Fitzgerald M, Zephyrin L. Maternal mortality and maternity Care in the United States Compared to 10 other developed countries. Commonwealth Fund Issue Briefs. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.26099/411v-9255.
Wang E, Glazer KB, Howell EA, Janevic TM. Social determinants of pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity in the United States: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(4):896–915 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000003762.
Article
Google Scholar
Yaya S, Yeboah H, Charles CH, Otu A, Labonte R. Ethnic and racial disparities in COVID-19-related deaths: counting the trees, hiding the forest. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(6):e002913 Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2020-002913.
Article
Google Scholar
Shadmi E, Chen Y, Dourado I, Faran-Perach I, Furler J, Hangoma P, et al. Health equity and COVID-19: global perspectives. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):1–6 Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12939-020-01218-z.
Article
Google Scholar
Cyrus E, Clarke R, Hadley D, Bursac Z, Trepka MJ, Dévieux JG, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on African American communities in the United States. Health Equity. 2020;4(1):476–83 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0030.
Article
Google Scholar
Millett GA, Jones AT, Benkeser D, Baral S, Mercer L, Beyrer C, et al. Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on black communities. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;47:37–44 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.003.
Article
Google Scholar
Alcendor DJ. Racial disparities-associated COVID-19 mortality among minority populations in the US. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2442 Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082442.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mackey K, Ayers CK, Kondo KK, Saha S, Advani SM, Young S, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19–related infections, hospitalizations, and deaths: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(3):362–73 Available from: https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-6306.
Article
Google Scholar
Bibbins-Domingo K. This time must be different: disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(3):233–4 Available from: https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2247.
Article
Google Scholar
Macias Gil R, Marcelin JR, Zuniga-Blanco B, Marquez C, Mathew T, Piggott DA. COVID-19 pandemic: disparate health impact on the Hispanic/Latinx population in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(10):1592–5 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa474.
Article
Google Scholar
Minkoff H. You Don't have to be infected to suffer: COVID-19 and racial disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(10):1052–4 Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0040-1713852.
Article
Google Scholar
Lund EM. Even more to handle: additional sources of stress and trauma for clients from marginalized racial and ethnic groups in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Couns Psychol Q. 2020:1–10 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2020.1766420.
Chou VB, Walker N, Kanyangarara M. Estimating the global impact of poor quality of care on maternal and neonatal outcomes in 81 low-and middle-income countries: a modeling study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(12):e1002990 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002990.
Article
Google Scholar
Lindquist A, Kurinczuk JJ, Redshaw M, Knight M. Experiences, utilisation and outcomes of maternity care in England among women from different socio-economic groups: findings from the 2010 National Maternity Survey. BJOG. 2015;122(12):1610–7 Available from:https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13059.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Molitor F, Doerr C. Peer Reviewed: Very Low Food Security Among Low-Income Households With Children in California Before and Shortly After the Economic Downturn From COVID-19. Prev Chronic Dis. 2021;18:200517 Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.200517external icon.
Article
Google Scholar
Food DGE. Tracking the COVID-19 Recession’s effects on Food, housing, and employment hardships. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities 2020. [Accessed 18 April 2021]. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25613
Google Scholar
Horowitz JM, Brown A, Minkin R. A year into the pandemic, Long-Term Financial Impact Weighs Heavily on Many Americans. Pew Research Center. 2021. [Accessed 18 April 2021]. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/05/a-year-into-the-pandemic-long-term-financial-impact-weighs-heavily-on-many-americans/
Google Scholar
Bureau UC. QuickFacts. California: United States Census [Accessed 18 April 2021]. Available from: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA/PST045219
Chen JT, Krieger N. Revealing the unequal burden of COVID-19 by income, race/ethnicity, and household crowding: US county versus zip code analyses. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2021;27:S43–56 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001263.
Article
Google Scholar
Davis DA. Obstetric racism: the racial politics of pregnancy, labor, and birthing. Med Anthropol. 2019;38:560–73 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2018.1549389.
Article
Google Scholar
Goode KL. Birthing, blackness, and the body: black midwives and experiential continuities of institutional racism [dissertation on the internet]. New York: The City University of New York; 2014. [Accessed: December 1, 2020]. Available from: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/423/
Google Scholar
Kildea S, Tracy S, Sherwood J, Magick-Dennis F, Barclay L. Improving maternity services for indigenous women in Australia: moving from policy to practice. Med J Australia. 2016;205:374–9 Available from: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00854.
Article
Google Scholar
Bitler M, Hoynes HW, Schanzenbach DW. The social safety net in the wake of COVID-19. Natl Bureau Econ Res. 2020; Available from: http://doi.org/10.3386/w27796.
Elkins A. Moving towards Medicare for all: lessons from international single-payer Systems for the United States [master's thesis on the internet]. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2018. [Accessed: December 1, 2020]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17615/132m-7t48
Google Scholar
Oberlander J. Lessons from the long and winding road to Medicare for all. Am J Public Health. 2019;109:1497-1500. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305295.
Blake V. Health care civil rights under Medicare for all. Hastings Law J. 2020;72 Available from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3554024.
Himmelstein DU, Lawless RM, Thorne D, Foohey P, Woolhandler S. Medical bankruptcy: still common despite the Affordable Care Act. Am J Public Health. 2019;109:431–3 Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304901.
Article
Google Scholar