As hypothesized, the intervention contributed to a significant reduction in the use of oxytocin for augmentation; fewer women received oxytocin, and the women received oxytocin for a shorter period. However, in contrast to the intention, oxytocin was used significantly more often despite no dystocia after the intervention. There was a moderate decrease in operative vaginal births and a moderate increase in cesarean sections after the intervention. Oxytocin treatment was a significant risk factor for operative vaginal birth both before and after the intervention.
All data after the intervention was collected prospectively, which is a strength of our study. The study was based on strict diagnostic criteria, as the definition of dystocia and the guidelines for when to use oxytocin were clear and concise. A better design would have been a randomized controlled trial comparing two different approaches in primiparous women diagnosed with dystocia. However, this design was not possible in our setting, as we used data already collected (before the intervention) in order to compare with data collected prospectively (after the intervention).
To our knowledge, comparisons of mode of delivery in women treated with oxytocin with those not treated have only been made in a few earlier studies [1, 5, 12]. Another strength in our study is the high detailed quality of our data on every labor, allowing adjustments for important confounding factors.
Our intervention could have been more efficient. The educational program should have been presented more than once. To facilitate appropriate use of oxytocin, we could have used checklists, as in the studies by Holmgren [23] and Clark [24]. We could also have used stake holders among the labor ward personnel, discussing and promoting the issue of proper use of oxytocin, as in the study by Holmgren et al. [23]. These stakeholders could have contributed to more awareness among the midwives regarding oxytocin and possibly a more correct use of the drug.
A possible explanation why more oxytocin was used in the absence of dystocia after the intervention, may be that it is hard to adjust to new guidelines. It might be a natural effect of a changed routine, as not all personnel remembered to use the new guidelines. Another reason could be a busy labor ward putting pressure on midwives to complete births quickly.
Advantages of the new guidelines included the significantly shorter duration of oxytocin treatment. According to our guidelines, fetal surveillance should always be performed when oxytocin is used to augment labor. Less time with oxytocin treatment therefore means less time attached to a CTG or STAN monitor. This might explain why the women used more water for pain relief after the intervention.
One to one care during the active stage of labor is an important measure to promote normal labor [25]. A change in the availability of this kind of care between the period before and after the intervention could have influenced on the normal birth rate. However, there was no change in the ward’s practice or guidelines. Both before and after the intervention, the guidelines emphasized that one to one care is important to keep birth normal.
The intervention in the present study, allowing 2 h instead of 1 h without progress before dystocia was diagnosed, resulted in fewer oxytocin treatments before 6 cm. This is in accordance with findings of two large studies on progress of first time labor by Zhang et al. [26] and Neal et al [27], who show that normal progression in labor accelerates only after 6 cm. Thus, it might be that the intervention resulted in a more appropriate use of oxytocin.
Our study showed a small but significant increase in cesarean sections. One could assume this increase was due to failure to progress, but there was no increase in dystocia as an indication for cesarean sections. The cesarean section rate in Robson group 1 was unusually high at the study hospital in the data collection period after the intervention (10.2% from 1.4.2014 to 1.4.2015). For the years 2015 and 2016, the cesarean rates in Robson group 1 were 7.1% and 6.6%, respectively (http://statistikkbank.fhi.no/mfr), despite no change in the guidelines for dystocia. It is likely that the increase in cesarean sections after the intervention was due to other causes than the change in the use of oxytocin.
The prevalence of dystocia in our study was high, even after the intervention, compared with two other cohort studies by Kjergaard et al. [9] and Bernitz et al. [1], These studies included a similar population of first-time mothers and similar guidelines for dystocia, as in our study after the intervention. Their dystocia rates were 37% [9] and 25.2% [1] compared with 52.9% in our study after the intervention. In contrast to these studies, we defined labor start to be at 1 cm, while they defined labor start at 4 cm. As labor is known to progress more slowly in the beginning of the first stage [26], more women were diagnosed with dystocia in our study, this in turn might have contributed to more operative vaginal deliveries. The definition of labor start used in our study, differs from WHO’s much used definition of 4 cm, which is also the most commonly used definition in Norway. Our definition was chosen to avoid long latent phases, which are associated with both maternal and fetal risks as caesarean section, low Apgar score and admission to Neonatal Care Unit [28], and negative birth experience [6, 29]. Further research is necessary to study whether women with long latent phases are more at risk for operative vaginal delivery, i.e. if they have to wait until cervix is 4 cm dilated before they can be treated with oxytocin, compared to if they receive this treatment earlier.
Both vaginal operative births and episiotomies should be used restrictively, as both are risk factors of negative birth experiences and maternal request for cesarean section [30]. Our findings suggest an increased risk for operative vaginal birth when being augmented with oxytocin both before and after the intervention. In the present study the rates of operative vaginal births were 26.9% before and 21.5% after the intervention. We are not aware of any changes taking place between the period before and of the intervention that could have influenced on the rate of operative vaginal deliveries. We know of no courses, conferences or projects encouraging or discouraging OVD.
The higher rate of operative vaginal births in our study compared to 14.6% in the study by Kjergaard et al. [9] and 16% in the study by Bernitz et al. [1], might be associated with our higher rate of augmentation. The explanation for this higher rate may partly be because the guidelines were still too strict, resulting in augmentation of some women who were not really in need of oxytocin. The two other studies had augmentation rates of 36.5% [9] and 43.9 [1] compared with 53.9% in the present study. In addition, 8.4% of the augmented women before and 18.9% after the intervention did not have dystocia. Furthermore, after full dilatation, the studies by Bernitz and Kjergaard allowed 2 h before active pushing and 3 h for women with an epidural, instead of 1-2 h for all women, as in the our study. In our study, in many cases, oxytocin was started 1 h after full dilatation. It is likely that pushing was initiated too early in some cases, resulting in prolonged pushing and operative vaginal births due to slow progress. If allowing 2 h (or 3 h with epidural) before pushing, it might be possible to experience fewer cases of dystocia and have fewer augmentation and possibly fewer operative vaginal births.
Uterine hyper-stimulation might partly explain the increased risk of operative vaginal births. Bernitz et al. found an OR at 3.7 of operative vaginal births and an OR at 2.5 of episiotomies in first-time mothers without dystocia being augmented with oxytocin compared with first-time mothers without dystocia not being augmented [1]. A Swedish multicenter study on a mixed population of parities showed an almost four-fold risk of operative vaginal births when women without dystocia were augmented with oxytocin compared with women without dystocia not being augmented [12].
A randomized controlled trial on 630 Swedish first-time mothers at term compared oxytocin after 2 h with oxytocin after 5 h without progress in the first stage of labor (4-9 cm). No differences were noted in mode of delivery and neonatal or maternal outcomes, except for the duration of labor, which was increased by 85 min [31]. A Cochrane review from 2013 comparing delayed versus early oxytocin in cases of slow progress of labor did not find any differences in mode of delivery and maternal and fetal outcomes, except for labor duration, which increased by 2 h [3]. Thus, one might assume that it is safe to use guidelines that allow a longer period of conservative management before augmentation with oxytocin than the guidelines used in our study.