Shaw E, Levitt C, Wong S, Kaczorowski J, The McMaster University Postpartum Research Group. Systematic review of the literature on postpartum care: effectiveness of postpartum support to improve maternal parenting, mental health, quality of life, and physical health. Birth. 2006;33(3):210–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B. Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases. J Perinat Med. 2010;4(2):22–5.
Google Scholar
Brown JS, Posner SF, Stewart AL. Urge incontinence: new health-related quality of life measures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(8):980–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services. Health Canada. [Internet]. Family-centred maternity and newborn care: National guidelines. 2000 [cited 17 Dec 2021]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/maternity-newborn-care-guidelines.html
American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, editors. Guidelines for perinatal care. 8th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL : Washington, DC: American Academy of Pediatrics ; The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2017. 691.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience. World Health Organization. Geneva. 2022 [cited 16 Jul 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045989
Negron R, Martin A, Almog M, Balbierz A, Howell EA. Social support during the postpartum period: mothers’ views on needs, expectations, and mobilization of support. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(4):616–23.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wu AC, Wisler-Sher DJ, Griswold K, Colson E, Shapiro ED, Holmboe ES, et al. Postpartum mothers’ attitudes, knowledge, and trust regarding vaccination. Matern Child Health J. 2008;12(6):766–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reproductive Health. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022 [cited 23 Aug 2022]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/index.html
Dipietro L, Evenson KR, Bloodgood B, Sprow K, Troiano RP, Piercy KL, et al. Benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum: an umbrella review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(6):1292–302.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. ACOG. 2020;135(4):11.
Google Scholar
Physical Activity. Healthy Pregnant and Postpartum Women. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [cited 14 Jul 2022]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pregnancy/index.htm
Caspersen C, Powell K, Christenson G. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100(2):126–31.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–29.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, Pang TT, Andrews R, Narendran P. What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia. 2012;55(3):542–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wareham NJ, van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U. Physical activity and obesity prevention: a review of the current evidence. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64(2):229–47.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedenreich CM, Neilson HK, Lynch BM. State of the epidemiological evidence on physical activity and cancer prevention. EJC. 2010;46(14):2593–604.
Article
Google Scholar
Guedes DP, Gonçalves LAVV. Impact of the habitual physical activity on lipid profile in adults. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2007;51(1):72–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Benedetti MG, Furlini G, Zati A, Letizia MG. The effectiveness of physical exercise on bone density in osteoporotic patients. Biomed Res. 2018;23(2018):1–10.
Google Scholar
Lear SA, Weihong H, Rangarajan S, Gasevic D, Leong D, Iqbal R, et al. The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2643–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peluso MAM, de Andrade LHSG. Physical activity and mental health: the association between exercise and mood. Clinics. 2005;60(1):61–70.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silverman MN, Deuster PA. Biological mechanisms underlying the role of physical fitness in health and resilience. Interface Focus. 2014;4(5):20140040.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cecchini JA, Fernández-Río J, Méndez-Giménez A, Carriedo A, Arruza JA. A self-determination approach to the understanding of the impact of physical activity on depressive symptoms. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):600–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liao Y, Shonkoff ET, Dunton GF. The acute relationships between affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in daily life: a review of current evidence. Front Psychol. 2015;23(6):1975.
Google Scholar
Blair SN. Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st Century. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(1):1–2.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galper DI, Trivedi MH, Barlow CE, Dunn AL, Kampert JB. Inverse association between physical inactivity and mental health in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(1):173–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kohl HW, Craig CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, et al. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. The Lancet. 2012;380(9838):294–305.
Article
Google Scholar
Pratt M, Norris J, Lobelo F, Roux L, Wang G. The cost of physical inactivity: moving into the 21st century: table 1. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(3):171–3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans [Internet]. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S.: Department of Health and Human Services; 2018 [cited 19 Dec 2021]. Available from: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf
Albright CL, Maddock JE, Nigg CR. Physical activity before pregnancy and following childbirth in a multiethnic sample of healthy women in Hawaii. Women Health. 2006;42(3):95–110.
Article
Google Scholar
van Raaij JM, Schonk CM, Vermaat-Miedema SH, Peek ME, Hautvast JG. Energy cost of physical activity throughout pregnancy and the first year postpartum in Dutch women with sedentary lifestyles. AJCN. 1990;52(2):234–9.
Google Scholar
Al-Hazzaa H. Physical Inactivity in Saudi Arabia Revisited: a systematic review of inactivity prevalence and perceived barriers to active living. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2018;12(6):50–64.
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bauman A, Bull F, Chey T, Craig CL, Ainsworth BE, Sallis JF, et al. The International Prevalence Study on Physical Activity: results from 20 countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6(1):21.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Al-Eisa ES, Al-Sobayel HI. Physical Activity and Health Beliefs among Saudi Women. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:1–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Kruger J, Ham S, Kohl H. Trends in Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity –- United States, 1994–2004. Centres Dis Control Prev. 2005;54(39):991–4.
Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012 Australian Health Survey: First Results, 2011-12. ABS cat. no. 4364.0.55.001. Canberra: ABS. [cited 18 Dec 2021]. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1DA0C56919DE176BCA257AA30014BFB7?opendocument
Geneva: World Health Organization. Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care: A Handbook for Building Skills. 11, Postnatal care of the mother and newborn. 2013 [cited 19 Dec 2021]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304191/
Hegaard HK, Damm P, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB, Ottesen B, Dykes AK, et al. Sports and leisure time physical activity during pregnancy in nulliparous women. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(6):806–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evenson KR, Aytur SA, Borodulin K. Physical activity beliefs, barriers, and enablers among postpartum women. J Women’s Health. 2009;18(12):1925–34.
Article
Google Scholar
Giallo R, Gartland D, Woolhouse H, Brown S. “I didn’t know it was possible to feel that tired”: exploring the complex bidirectional associations between maternal depressive symptoms and fatigue in a prospective pregnancy cohort study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2016;19(1):25–34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kurth E, Kennedy HP, Spichiger E, Hösli I, Zemp SE. Crying babies, tired mothers: what do we know? A systematic review. Midwifery. 2011;27(2):187–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR. The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression. CNS Spectr. 2015;20(1):48–59.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giallo R, Seymour M, Dunning M, Cooklin A, Loutzenhiser L, McAuslan P. Factors associated with the course of maternal fatigue across the early postpartum period. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2015;33(5):528–44.
Article
Google Scholar
Gardner DL. Fatigue in postpartum women. Appl Nurs Res. 1991;4(2):57–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Henderson J, Alderdice F, Redshaw M. Factors associated with maternal postpartum fatigue: an observationalstudy. BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):e025927.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Badr HA, Zauszniewski JA, Quinn Griffin M, Burant CJ, Przeworski A, Almutairi WM, et al. Effects of postpartum fatigue and depressive cognitions on life satisfaction and quality of life in Arab postpartum women: the intervening role of resourcefulness. Nurs Rep. 2021;11(1):84–94.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jeong YJ, Nho JH, Kim HY, Kim JY. Factors influencing quality of life in early postpartum women. IJERPH. 2021;18(6):2988.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chaudhuri A, Behan PO. Fatigue in neurological disorders. The Lancet. 2004;363(9413):978–88.
Article
Google Scholar
Eldadah BA. Fatigue and fatigability in older adults. PM&R. 2010;2(5):406–13.
Article
Google Scholar
Milligan R, Lenz E, Parks P, Pugh L, Kitzman H. Postpartum fatigue: clarifying a concept. Sch Inq Nurs Pract. 1996;10(3):279–91.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iwata H, Mori E, Sakajo A, Aoki K, Maehara K, Tamakoshi K. Course of maternal fatigue and its associated factors during the first 6 months postpartum: a prospective cohort study. Nurs Open. 2018;5(2):186–96.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tsuchiya M, Mori E, Sakajo A, Iwata H, Maehara K, Tamakoshi K. Cross-sectional and longitudinal validation of a 13-item fatigue scale among Japanese postpartum mothers: Fatigue scale validation. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016;22:5–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cameron EE, Sedov ID, Tomfohr-Madsen LM. Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: An updated meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;206:189–203.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ngai FW, Ngu SF. Predictors of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms at postpartum. J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(2):156–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qian J, Sun S, Liu L, Yu X. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for reducing postpartum fatigue: a meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):622.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu N, Wang J, Chen DD, Sun WJ, Li P, Zhang W. Effects of exercise on pregnancy and postpartum fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;253:285–95.
Article
Google Scholar
General Authority of Statistics-Kingdome of Saudi Arabia. 2020 [cited 15 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.stats.gov.sa/ar/indicators/1
Krupp LB. The fatigue severity scale: application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(10):1121.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schwartz JE, Jandorf L, Krupp LB. The measurement of fatigue: a new instrument. J Psychosom Res. 1993;37(7):753–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Sobayel HI, Al-Hugail HA, AlSaif RM, Albawardi NM, Alnahdi AH, Daif AM, et al. Validation of an Arabic version of Fatigue Severity Scale. SMJ. 2016;37(1):73–8.
Article
Google Scholar
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). 2002 [cited 15 Jul 2022]. Available from: www.ipaq.ki.se.
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, et al. Compendium of Physical Activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(Supplement):S498-516.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–95.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hagströmer M, Oja P, Sjöström M. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(6):755–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shrestha SD, Pradhan R, Tran TD, Gualano RC, Fisher JRW. Reliability and validity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for detecting perinatal common mental disorders (PCMDs) among women in low-and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):72.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Cox J. Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women. J Affect Disord. 1996;39(3):185–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Agoub M, Moussaoui D, Battas O. Prevalence of postpartum depression in a Moroccan sample. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005;8(1):37–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blum JW, Beaudoin CM, Caton-Lemos L. Physical Activity Patterns and Maternal Well-Being in Postpartum Women. Matern Child Health J. 2004;8(3):163–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nakamura A, van der Waerden J, Melchior M, Bolze C, El-Khoury F, Pryor L. Physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:29–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saligheh M, McNamara B, Rooney R. Perceived barriers and enablers of physical activity in postpartum women: a qualitative approach. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):131.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McGovern P, Dowd B, Gjerdingen D, Dagher R, Ukestad L, McCaffrey D, et al. Mothers’ Health and Work-Related Factors at 11 Weeks Postpartum. Ann Fam Med. 2007;5(6):519–27.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Badr HA, Zauszniewski JA. Meta-analysis of the predictive factors of postpartum fatigue. Appl Nurs Res. 2017;36:122–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim JI, Lee KJ. Bladder Symptoms, Fatigue and Physical Activity in Postpartum Women. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(1):50–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Insana SP, Stacom EE, Montgomery-Downs HE. Actual and perceived sleep: Associations with daytime functioning among postpartum women. Physiol Behav. 2011;102(2):234–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corwin EJ, Bozoky I, Pugh LC, Johnston N. Interleukin-1β elevation during the postpartum period. Ann Behav Med. 2003;25(1):7.
Article
Google Scholar
Beilock SL, Feltz DL, Pivarnik JM. Training patterns of athletes during pregnancy and postpartum. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2001;72(1):39–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haas BK. Fatigue, self-efficacy, physical activity, and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2011;34(4):322–34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Egerton T, Chastin SFM, Stensvold D, Helbostad JL. Fatigue may contribute to reduced physical activity among older people: an observational study. GERONA. 2016;71(5):670–6.
Article
Google Scholar