Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and pregnancy-related factors of the participants
Variable | PPF n = 215 | Non-PPF n = 284 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg) | 66 (13) | 66 (16) | .64 |
Height (cm) | 161 (7) | 160 (7) | .62 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26 (4.7) | 25.8 (5) | .77 |
Baby age (months) | 7 (8) | 3 (6) | < .001* |
Mother age (years) | 29 (6) | 30 (6) | .28 |
Postpartum depression score | 14 (6) | 15 (5) | .11 |
Income (Saudi riyal, n, %) | |||
 < 10,000 | 127 (59.07) | 212 (74.7) | .001* |
 10,000–20,000 | 58 (26.98) | 52 (18.3) | |
 20,001–30,000 | 22 (10.23) | 11 (3.87) | |
 > 30,000 | 8 (3.72) | 9 (3.17) | |
Number of children per mother (n, %) | |||
 1 | 50 (23.26) | 57 (20) | .17 |
 2 | 93 (43.26) | 143 (50.35) | |
 3 | 42 (19.53) | 59 (20.77) | |
 4 | 30 (13.95) | 25 (8.80) | |
Educational level (n, %) | |||
 No degree | 5 (2.33) | 10 (3.52) | .004* |
 High school or less | 26 (12.09) | 19 (6.69) | |
 Bachelor’s degree | 156 (72.56) | 221 (77.8) | |
 Postgraduate degree | 28 (13.02) | 34 (11.9) | |
Smoker (n, %) | 13 (6.06) | 11 (3.87) | .26 |
Breastfeeding status | |||
 Yes | 100 (46.51) | 148 (52.11) | .24 |
 Sometimes | 85 (39.53) | 97 (39.11) | |
 No | 30 (13.95) | 39 (13.73) | |
Employment status (n, %) | |||
 Employed | 128 (59.53) | 201 (70.77) | .009* |
 Unemployed | 87 (40.47) | 83 (29.23) | |
Delivery mode (n, %) | Â | Â | Â |
 C-section | 58 (26.98) | 56 (19.72) | .06 |
 Vaginal | 157 (73.02) | 228 (80.28) | |
Housemaid assistant (n, %) | |||
 Yes | 161 (74.88) | 220 (77.47) | .18 |
 No | 54 (25.12) | 64 (22.54) | |
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) (mg/day) | 1.3 (2.91) | 1.5 (3.9) | .03* |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 106.7 (177) | 97.7 (130) | .0001* |
Vitamin D (mg/day) | 0 (0–5000) | 1000 (0–5000) | .0001* |
Omega-3 (mL) | 0 (200) | 200 (250) | |
Iron (mg/day) | 23.7 (38.7) | 27.7 (43.8) | Â |