American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 49, December 2003: Dystocia and augmentation of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2003, 102: 1445-1454. 10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.10.011.
Google Scholar
Gifford DS, Morton SC, Fiske M, Keesey J, Keeler E, Kahn KL: Lack of progress in labor as a reason for cesarean. Obstet Gynecol. 2000, 95: 589-595. 10.1016/S0029-7844(99)00575-X.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Foley ME, Alarab M, Daly L, Keane D, Rath A, O'Herlihy C: The continuing effectiveness of active management of first labor, despite a doubling in overall nulliparous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 191: 891-895. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.05.072.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sosa CG, Balaguer E, Alonso JG, Panizza R, Laborde A, Berrondo C: Meperidine for dystocia during the first stage of labor. A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 191: 1212-1218. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.03.017.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cluett ER, Pickering RM, Getliffe K, St George Saunders NJ: Randomised controlled trial of labouring in water compared with standard of augmentation for management of dystocia in first stage of labour. BMJ. 328 (7435): 314-10.1136/bmj.37963.606412.EE. 2004 Feb 7; Epub 2004 Jan 26
Treacy A, Robson M, O'Herlihy C: Dystocia increases with advancing maternal age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006, 195: 760-763. 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.052.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman E: Labor, clinical evaluation and management. 1978, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 2
Google Scholar
Vahratian A, Troendle JF, Siega-Riz AM, Zhang J: Methodological challenges in studying labour progression in contemporary practice. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2006, 20: 72-78. 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2006.00696.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greenberg MB, Cheng YW, Hopkins LM, Stotland NE, Bryant AS, Caughey AB: Are there ethnic differences in the length of labor?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006, 195: 743-748. 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.016.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhu BP, Grigorescu V, Le T, Lin M, Copeland G, Barone M: Labor dystocia and its association with interpregnancy interval. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006, 195: 121-128. 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.016.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turcot L, Marcoux S, Fraser WD: Multivariate analysis of risk factors for operative delivery in nulliparous women. Canadian Early Amniotomy Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997, 176: 395-402. 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70505-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Danish Medical Birth Register. [http://www.sst.dk]
Blix E, Pettersen SH, Eriksen H, Royset B, Pedersen EH, Oian P: [Use of oxytocin augmentation after spontaneous onset of labor]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002, 122: 1359-1362.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oscarsson ME, Ahmer-Wåhlin I, Rydhstroem H, Kallen K: Outcome in obstetric care related to oxytocin use. A population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006, 85: 1094-1098.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Allman AC, Genevier ES, Johnson MR, Steer PJ: Head-to-cervix force: an important physiological variable in labour. 2. Peak active force, peak active pressure and mode of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996, 103: 769-775.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Allman AC, Genevier ES, Johnson MR, Steer PJ: Head-to-cervix force: an important physiological variable in labour. 1. The temporal relation between head-to-cervix force and intrauterine pressure during labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996, 103: 763-768.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roshanfekr D, Blakemore KJ, Lee J, Hueppchen NA, Witter FR: Station at onset of active labor in nulliparous patients and risk of cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1999, 93: 329-331. 10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00451-7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sheiner E, Levy A, Feinstein U, Hallak M, Mazor M: Risk factors and outcome of failure to progress during the first stage of labor: a population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002, 81: 222-226. 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810306.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sheiner E, Levy A, Feinstein U, Hershkovitz R, Hallak M, Mazor M: Obstetric risk factors for failure to progress in the first versus the second stage of labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002, 11: 409-413. 10.1080/713605561.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mocanu EV, Greene RA, Byrne BM, Turner MJ: Obstetric and neonatal outcome of babies weighing more than 4.5 kg: an analysis by parity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000, 92: 229-233. 10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00280-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feinstein U, Sheiner E, Levy A, Hallak M, Mazor M: Risk factors for arrest of descent during the second stage of labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002, 77: 7-14. 10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00007-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schiessl B, Janni W, Jundt K, Rammel G, Peschers U, Kainer F: Obstetrical parameters influencing the duration of the second stage of labor. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005, 118: 17-20. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.01.045.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fraser WD, Cayer M, Soeder BM, Turcot L, Marcoux S: Risk factors for difficult delivery in nulliparas with epidural analgesia in second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2002, 99: 409-418. 10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01755-0.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Yancey MK, Klebanoff MA, Schwarz J, Schweitzer D: Does epidural analgesia prolong labor and increase risk of cesarean delivery? A natural experiment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001, 185: 128-134. 10.1067/mob.2001.113874.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anim-Somuah M, Smyth R, Howell C: Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, CD000331-
Google Scholar
Leighton BL, Halpern SH: The effects of epidural analgesia on labor, maternal, and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002, 186: S69-S77.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lieberman E, O'donoghue C: Unintended effects of epidural analgesia during labor: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002, 186: S31-S68.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tanbo T, Dale PO, Lunde O, Moe N, Abyholm T: Obstetric outcome in singleton pregnancies after assisted reproduction. Obstet Gynecol. 1995, 86: 188-192. 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00159-O.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bailit JL, Dierker L, Blanchard MH, Mercer BM: Outcomes of women presenting in active versus latent phase of spontaneous labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2005, 105: 77-79.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rahnama P, Ziaei S, Faghihzadeh S: Impact of early admission in labor on method of delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006, 92: 217-220. 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.12.016.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johanson R, Newburn M, Macfarlane A: Has the medicalisation of childbirth gone too far?. BMJ. 2002, 324: 892-895. 10.1136/bmj.324.7342.892.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bell JS, Campbell DM, Graham WJ, Penney GC, Ryan M, Hall MH: Can obstetric complications explain the high levels of obstetric interventions and maternity service use among older women? A retrospective analysis of routinely collected data. BJOG. 2001, 108: 910-918. 10.1016/S0306-5456(01)00214-5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kjærgaard H: Dystocia in nulliparous women. Incidence, outcomes, risk indicators and women's experiences. PhD thesis. 2007, Lund University, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Sweden
Google Scholar
Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. [http://www.dsog.dk]
Coding guidelines of obstetric interventions in Denmark. [http://www.dsog.dk/files/Obstetriske_koder_10112005.pdf]
Falzone S, Chauhan SP, Mobley JA, Berg TG, Sherline DM, Devoe LD: Unengaged vertex in nulliparous women in active labor. A risk factor for cesarean delivery. J Reprod Med. 1998, 43: 676-680.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holmes P, Oppenheimer LW, Wen SW: The relationship between cervical dilatation at initial presentation in labour and subsequent intervention. BJOG. 2001, 108: 1120-1124. 10.1016/S0306-5456(01)00265-0.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McNiven PS, Williams JI, Hodnett E, Kaufman K, Hannah ME: An early labor assessment program: a randomized, controlled trial. Birth. 1998, 25: 5-10. 10.1046/j.1523-536x.1998.00005.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gough GW, Randall NJ, Genevier ES, Sutherland IA, Steer PJ: Head-to-cervix forces and their relationship to the outcome of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1990, 75: 613-618.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rahm VA, Hallgren A, Hogberg H, Hurtig I, Odlind V: Plasma oxytocin levels in women during labor with or without epidural analgesia: a prospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002, 81: 1033-1039. 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.811107.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alehagen S, Wijma B, Lundberg U, Wijma K: Fear, pain and stress hormones during childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2005, 26: 153-165. 10.1080/01443610400023072.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lederman RP, Lederman E: The relationship of maternal anxiety, plasma catecholamines and plasma cortisol to progress in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978, 132: 495-500.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar