Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of pregnant women with and without GDM in early pregnancy

Gestational weeks

10.7 (10.6-10.7)

10.7 (10.6-10.7)

10.7 (10.5-10.8)

0.957

Maternal age (years)

30.5±3.9

32.1±4.3

30.4±3.9

< 0.001

 < 25

346 (4.4)

18 (2.7)

328 (4.6)

< 0.001

 25 - 34

6191 (79.2)

466 (69.7)

5725 (80.1)

 ≥35

1279 (16.4)

185 (27.7)

1094 (15.3)

Parity (Number of deliveries)

 0

5961 (76.3)

480 (71.7)

5481 (76.7)

0.004

 ≥1

1855 (23.7)

189 (28.3)

1666 (23.3)

Prepregnancy BMI

21.3±2.9

22.6±3.6

21.2±2.8

< 0.001

 < 18.5

1105 (14.1)

57 (8.5)

1048 (14.7)

< 0.001

 18.5 - 23.9

5517 (70.6)

419 (62.6)

5098 (71.3)

 24.0 - 27.9

945 (12.1)

138(20.6)

807(11.3)

 ≥28.0

249 (3.2)

55 (8.2)

194 (2.7)

Vitamin D concentration (ng/mL)

19.6±7.5

19.0±6.8

19.6±7.5

0.031

 Deficiency (<20.0)

4152 (53.1)

361 (54.0)

3791 (53.0)

0.020

 Insufficiency (20.0-29.9)

3011 (38.5)

271 (40.5)

2740 (38.3)

 Sufficiency (≥30.0)

653 (8.4)

37 (5.5)

616 (8.6)

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.31±0.58

1.55±0.56

1.29±0.78

< 0.001

Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.10±0.27

5.26±0.29

5.08±0.26

< 0.001

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

4.49±0.36

4.75±0.47

4.46±0.34

< 0.001