Impact of maternal dietary carbohydrate intake and vitamin D-related genetic risk score on birth length: the Vitamin D Pregnant Mother (VDPM) cohort study

Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects based on T3 vitamin D status

Variables	‘Deficiency-insufficiency’ VD status (n = 86) (47.0%)	‘Sufficiency’ VD status (n = 97) (53.0%)	P Value
Demography
Age, years	28.92 (5.07)	30.28 (6.12)	0.101
Maternal age group			0.025
a. ≤ 20	1	5.8
b. 21–30	60.2	43.0
c. > 30	38.8	51.2
Education			0.255
a. Primary	23.5	31.4
b. Secondary	38.8	41.9
c. Tertiary	37.8	26.7
Sun exposure status per day			0.721
a. < 1 h	52.6	48.8
b. ≥ 1 h	47.4	51.2
Maternal anthropometry
Pre-conception body weight, kg	54.56 (11.21)	55.71 (10.15)	0.469
Height, cm	154.73 (5.79)	153.85 (6.65)	0.341
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²	23.12 (4.46)	23.61 (4.35)	0.457
Pre-pregnancy BMI status			0.361
a. < 25 kg/m²	72.4	65.1
b. ≥ 25 kg/m²	27.6	34.9
Newborn outcomes
Gestational age at birth, weeks	39.08 (1.81)	38.73 (1.94)	0.211
Infant gender
a. Boy	51	60.5
b. Girl	49	39.5
Birthweight, g	3147.09 (458.73)	3244.90 (469.51)	0.156
Birth length, cm	48.53 (2.05)	48.59 (3.43)	0.893
Head circumference, cm	33.55 (1.89)	34.10 (2.97)	0.139
Biochemical Measurements
IGF-1, ng/mL	20.74 (12.89)	32.21 (1.89)	0.036
Changes in 25(OH)D, ng/mL	1.52 (6.17)	14.12 (8.40)	< 0.001

Data are presented as percentages (%) for categorical data variables and mean and standard deviation [mean (SD)] for numeric data variables. Indicators of vitamin D status during pregnancy are based on the Institute of Medicine (IOM); sufficient (≥ 20 ng/mL), insufficient (12–19.00 ng/mL) and deficient (< 12 ng/mL). Changes in 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy are defined by 25(OH)D T3 – 25(OH)D T1
IGF-1 Insulin-like growth factor 1, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, T1 First trimester, T3 Third trimester, BMI Body mass index

ISSN: 1471-2393