Variables | ‘Deficiency-insufficiency’ VD status (n = 86) (47.0%) | ‘Sufficiency’ VD status (n = 97) (53.0%) | P Value |
---|---|---|---|
Demography | |||
Age, years | 28.92 (5.07) | 30.28 (6.12) | 0.101 |
Maternal age group | Â | Â | 0.025 |
 a. ≤ 20 | 1 | 5.8 |  |
 b. 21–30 | 60.2 | 43.0 |  |
 c. > 30 | 38.8 | 51.2 |  |
Education | Â | Â | 0.255 |
 a. Primary | 23.5 | 31.4 |  |
 b. Secondary | 38.8 | 41.9 |  |
 c. Tertiary | 37.8 | 26.7 |  |
Sun exposure status per day | Â | Â | 0.721 |
 a. < 1 h | 52.6 | 48.8 |  |
 b. ≥ 1 h | 47.4 | 51.2 |  |
Maternal anthropometry | |||
Pre-conception body weight, kg | 54.56 (11.21) | 55.71 (10.15) | 0.469 |
Height, cm | 154.73 (5.79) | 153.85 (6.65) | 0.341 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 23.12 (4.46) | 23.61 (4.35) | 0.457 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI status | Â | Â | 0.361 |
 a. < 25 kg/m2 | 72.4 | 65.1 |  |
 b. ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 27.6 | 34.9 |  |
Newborn outcomes | |||
Gestational age at birth, weeks | 39.08 (1.81) | 38.73 (1.94) | 0.211 |
Infant gender | |||
 a. Boy | 51 | 60.5 |  |
 b. Girl | 49 | 39.5 |  |
Birthweight, g | 3147.09 (458.73) | 3244.90 (469.51) | 0.156 |
Birth length, cm | 48.53 (2.05) | 48.59 (3.43) | 0.893 |
Head circumference, cm | 33.55 (1.89) | 34.10 (2.97) | 0.139 |
Biochemical Measurements | |||
 IGF-1, ng/mL | 20.74 (12.89) | 32.21 (1.89) | 0.036 |
 Changes in 25(OH)D, ng/mL | 1.52 (6.17) | 14.12 (8.40) |  < 0.001 |