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Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects based on T3 vitamin D status

From: Impact of maternal dietary carbohydrate intake and vitamin D-related genetic risk score on birth length: the Vitamin D Pregnant Mother (VDPM) cohort study

Variables

‘Deficiency-insufficiency’ VD status (n = 86) (47.0%)

‘Sufficiency’ VD status (n = 97) (53.0%)

P Value

Demography

Age, years

28.92 (5.07)

30.28 (6.12)

0.101

Maternal age group

  

0.025

 a. ≤ 20

1

5.8

 

 b. 21–30

60.2

43.0

 

 c. > 30

38.8

51.2

 

Education

  

0.255

 a. Primary

23.5

31.4

 

 b. Secondary

38.8

41.9

 

 c. Tertiary

37.8

26.7

 

Sun exposure status per day

  

0.721

 a. < 1 h

52.6

48.8

 

 b. ≥ 1 h

47.4

51.2

 

Maternal anthropometry

Pre-conception body weight, kg

54.56 (11.21)

55.71 (10.15)

0.469

Height, cm

154.73 (5.79)

153.85 (6.65)

0.341

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2

23.12 (4.46)

23.61 (4.35)

0.457

Pre-pregnancy BMI status

  

0.361

 a. < 25 kg/m2

72.4

65.1

 

 b. ≥ 25 kg/m2

27.6

34.9

 

Newborn outcomes

Gestational age at birth, weeks

39.08 (1.81)

38.73 (1.94)

0.211

Infant gender

 a. Boy

51

60.5

 

 b. Girl

49

39.5

 

Birthweight, g

3147.09 (458.73)

3244.90 (469.51)

0.156

Birth length, cm

48.53 (2.05)

48.59 (3.43)

0.893

Head circumference, cm

33.55 (1.89)

34.10 (2.97)

0.139

Biochemical Measurements

 IGF-1, ng/mL

20.74 (12.89)

32.21 (1.89)

0.036

 Changes in 25(OH)D, ng/mL

1.52 (6.17)

14.12 (8.40)

 < 0.001

  1. Data are presented as percentages (%) for categorical data variables and mean and standard deviation [mean (SD)] for numeric data variables. Indicators of vitamin D status during pregnancy are based on the Institute of Medicine (IOM); sufficient (≥ 20 ng/mL), insufficient (12–19.00 ng/mL) and deficient (< 12 ng/mL). Changes in 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy are defined by 25(OH)D T3 – 25(OH)D T1
  2. IGF-1 Insulin-like growth factor 1, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, T1 First trimester, T3 Third trimester, BMI Body mass index