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Table 4 Factors associated with caesarian in Ethiopia, EMDHS 2019

From: Prevalence and associated factors of caesarian section in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic Health Survey

Variables

Null model

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Individual- level variables

 Women age

  15-29

-

Ref

-

Ref

  30-39

-

2.3 [1.66-3.14] **

-

2.14 [1.55-2.94] **

  40-49

 

2.4 [1.32-4.34] **

-

2.2 [ 1.20-3.97] *

 Religion

  Orthodox

-

Ref

-

Ref

  Muslim

-

0.58 [0.41-0.81] **

-

0.50 [0.34-0.73] **

  Protestant

-

0.55 [0.37-0.82] **

-

0.53 [0.34-0.85] *

  Others

 

0.32 [0.07-1.44]

 

0.33 [0.07-1.51]

Educational status

  No-education

-

Ref

-

Ref

  Primary

-

1.3 [0.91-1.80]

-

1.3 [0.90-1.78]

  Secondary

-

2.3 [1.47-3.52] **

-

2.15 [ 1.38-3.34] *

  Higher

 

3.2 [2.02-5.20] **

-

2.8 [1.73-4.53] **

 Wealth status

  Poor

-

Ref

-

Ref

  Middle

-

1.1 [0.72-1.77]

-

1 [0.66- 1.65]

  Rich

-

2.1 [1.46-3.06] **

-

1.4 [0.90-2.09]

 Birth order

  1st

-

Ref

-

Ref

  2-3

-

0.66 [0.45-0.96]

-

0.65 [0.44- 0.94]

  4-5

-

0.59 [0.33-1.07]

-

0.62 [0.34-1.13]

  6+

-

0.39 [0.12-1.19]

-

0.39 [0.12-1.21]

 Parity

 ≤ 2

-

Ref

-

Ref

 3-5

-

0.77 [0.51-1.17]

-

0.61 [0.52-1.22] *

2003≥ 6+

-

0.94 [0.33-2.66]

-

0.48 [0.36- 2.95]

 Contraceptive method

-

 

-

 

  No-method

-

Ref

-

Ref

  Traditional method

-

2.90 [1.08-7.82] *

 

2.6 [0.95-6.90]

  Modern method

-

1.41 [1.08-1.84] *

-

1.4 [1.05-1.80] *

 ANC- visit

  No-visit

-

Ref

  

  1-3 visit

-

2.11 [1.47-3.03] **

 

2.2 [1.51-3.12] **

  4th -visit

-

1.67 [1.13-2.47] *

 

1.7 [1.12-2.46] *

  5+- visit

-

2.59 [1.80-3.74] **

 

2.4 [1.65-3.44] **

 Birth interval

  <15

-

Ref

-

 

  15-30

-

1.14 [0.55-2.38]

-

1.2 [0.56-2.46]

  >30

-

0.87 [0.42-1.78]

-

0.91 [0.44-1.85]

Community- level variables

 Region

  Tigray

 

-

Ref

Ref

  Afar

 

-

0.46 [0.18-1.13]

1.9 [0.79-4.81]

  Amhara

 

-

1.7 [0.77-3.74]

2.2 [ 1.07-4.45] *

  Oromia

 

-

0.73 [0.31-1.65]

1.7 [0.80-3.87]

  Somali

 

-

0.14 [0.04-.44] *

0.79 [0.24-2.58]

  Benishangul

 

-

0.82 [0.33-1.98]

1.8 [0.81-4.13]

  SNNPR

 

-

1.22 [0.55-2.72]

2.8 [ 1.26-6.00] *

  Gambella

 

-

0.68 [0.27-1.69]

1.3 [0.52-3.00]

  Harari

 

-

1.42 [0.62-3.23]

2.9[ 1.35-6.52] *

 Addis Ababa

  

2.75 [1.19-6.34] *

3.4 [1.46-7.22] *

  Dire dawa

 

-

2.32 [ 1.03-5.18] *

4.9[ 2.26-10.56] **

Residence

  Rural

 

-

Ref

Ref

  Urban

 

-

3.7[ 2.36-5.63] *

1.6[ 1.04-2.57] *

  1. *Key: Ref: Reference group; p-value 0.05-0.01 *: p-value < 0.01 *
  2. NB: variable which were dropped during the consecutive tests were not included in the tables
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