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Table 2 Fixed effect of individual-, household- and community-level factors associated with SSC in Nigeria

From: Coverage and factors associated with mother and newborn skin-to-skin contact in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis

Variable

Model I

Model II

Model III

Model IV

Model V

Individual level factors

Age group of women

15-19

 

1.00

  

1.00

20-24

 

0.99 (0.64-1.51)

  

0.99 (0.66-1.50)

25-29

 

0.93 (0.59-1.47)

  

0.98 (0.63-1.51)

30-34

 

0.93 (0.57-1.51)

  

0.99 (0.62-1.60)

35-39

 

0.81 (0.48-1.36)

  

0.90 (0.54-1.49)

40-44

 

0.93 (0.52-1.64)

  

1.02 (0.59-1.79)

45-49

 

0.47 (0.23-0.96)*

  

0.53 (0.27-1.06)

Educational attainment

No formal education

 

1.00

  

1.00

Primary

 

0.98 (0.74-1.30)

  

1.08 (0.82-1.42)

Secondary

 

1.33 (1.00-1.76)*

  

1.41 (1.06-1.86)*

Higher

 

2.50 (1.68-3.72)*

  

2.35 (1.57-3.50)*

Religion

Christianity

 

1.00

  

1.00

Islam

 

1.83 (1.35-2.49)*

  

1.11 (0.80-1.54)

ATR/others

 

72.08 (24.68-210-57)*

  

55.31 (20.18-151.63)*

Media exposure

     

Has no exposure

 

1.00

  

1.00

Has exposure

 

0.93 (0.75-1.16)

  

0.92 (0.74-1.15)

Total children ever born

1-2

 

1.00

  

1.00

3-4

 

0.98 (0.76-1.28)

  

0.99 (0.75-1.30)

4+

 

1.13 (0.82-1.55)

  

1.10 (0.79-1.52)

Health insurance

Not covered

 

1.00

  

1.00

Covered

 

1.31 (0.75-2.30)

  

1.13 (0.66-1.93)

Mode of delivery

Caesarean section

 

0.12 (0.06-0.21)*

  

0.12 (0.07-0.22)*

Vaginal

 

1.00

  

1.00

Place of delivery

Health facility

 

15.59 (10.41-23.36)*

  

15.58 (10.64-22.82)*

Home

 

1.00

  

1.00

ANC visits

No visit

 

1.00

  

1.00

1-3 visits

 

1.54 (1.11-2.14)*

  

1.46 (1.06-2.01)*

4+ visits

 

2.48 (1.81-3.39)*

  

2.40 (1.78-3.24)*

Preceding birth interval

<2years

 

1.00

  

1.00

2-3 years

 

0.82 (0.64-1.06)

  

0.82 (0.65-1.05)

>3-4years

 

0.91 (0.69-1.22)

  

0.90 (0.69-1.19)

>4years

 

1.06 (0.78-1.43)

  

1.01 (0.76-1.36)

First born

 

0.96 (0.69-1.34)

  

0.95 (0.69-1.32)

Birthweight

Low birthweight (<2.5kg)

 

2.16 (1.27-3.67)*

  

2.10 (1.26-3.51)*

Normal (≥2.5kg)

 

1.00

  

1.00

Household-level factors

Household wealth quintile

Poorest

  

1.00

 

1.00

Poorer

  

1.49 (1.11-2.00)*

 

1.09 (0.79-1.50)

Middle

  

1.93 (1.39-2.68)*

 

1.14 (0.78-1.67)

Richer

  

3.12 (2.17-4.49)*

 

1.38 (0.89-2.12)

Richest

  

5.83 (3.84-8.83)*

 

1.70 (1.04-2.79)*

Household size

1-4

  

1.00

 

1.00

5-8

  

0.83 (0.70-0.99)*

 

0.97 (0.77-1.21)

8+

  

0.74 (0.58-0.93)*

 

0.93 (0.70-1.24)

Community-level factors

Residential status

Urban

   

1.00

1.00

Rural

   

0.89 (0.60-1.31)

1.12 (0.74-1.24)

Geographical region

North Central

   

1.00

1.00

North East

   

6.31 (3.48-11.44)*

11.52 (5.92-22.43)*

North West

   

2.52 (1.48-4.32)*

6.75 (3.62-12.56)*

South East

   

0.22 (0.12-0.43)*

0.18 (0.09-0.37)*

South South

   

2.22 (1.25-3.94)*

3.49 (1.85-6.61)*

South West

   

0.77 (0.43-1.36)

0.66 (0.36-1.21)

Community non-use of media

Low

   

1.00

1.00

High

   

0.25 (0.15-0.41)*

0.35 (0.20-0.61)*

Community poverty

Low

   

1.00

1.00

High

   

0.67 (0.41-1.09)

1.15 (0.67-2.20)

Community illiteracy

Low

   

1.00

1.00

High

   

0.48 (0.30-0.78)*

1.03 (0.62-1.71)

  1. Model I – empty null model, baseline model without any explanatory variables (unconditional model)
  2. Model II – adjusted for only individual-level factors
  3. Model III – adjusted for only household-level factors
  4. Model IV – adjusted for only community-level factors
  5. Model V – adjusted for individual-, household-, and community-level factors (full model)
  6. *Significant at p<0.05
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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