Variable | Crude odds ratio, COR (95%CI) | p-value* | Adjusted odds ratio, AOR (95%CI) | p-value** |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Â | 0.381 | Â | 0.938 |
15–24 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
25–34 | 0.81(0.44–1.51) |  | 1.26(0.27–5.93) |  |
35 and above | 1.20(0.64–2.26) |  | 1.37(0.23–8.27) |  |
Education level | Â | 0.891 | Â | 0.168 |
Tertiary | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Secondary | 0.80(0.25–2.59) |  | 0.53(0.06–4.74) |  |
Primary | 0.89(0.29–2.72) |  | 0.30(0.03–2.99) |  |
No education | 1.16(0.32–4.19) |  | 1.05(0.07–16.45) |  |
Working status | Â | 0.030 | Â | 0.022 |
Working | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Not working | 1.71(1.05–2.79) |  | 2.45(1.14–5.26) |  |
Parity | Â | 0786 | Â | 0.960 |
Below 4 | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
4 and above | 0.88(0.49–1.60) |  | 0.95(0.13–7.01) |  |
Marital status | Â | 0.240 | Â | 0.039 |
Married | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Unmarried | 1.47(0.77–2.78) |  | 1.23(1.24–3.57) |  |
Health insurance | Â | 0.061 | Â | 0.197 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.47(0.21–1.04) |  | 0.32(0.06–1.82) |  |
Wealth index | Â | 0.986 | Â | 0.029 |
Richest | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Richer | 1.14(0.54–2.40) |  | 5.79(1.46–22.96) |  |
Middle | 0.98(0.45–2.13) |  | 9.19(1.64–51.56) |  |
Poorer | 0.94(0.44–2.03) |  | 4.20(0.76–23.07) |  |
Poorest | 1.05(0.48–2.28) |  | 4.28(0.84–21.92) |  |
Residence | Â | 0.578 | Â | 0.794 |
Urban | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Rural | 0.83(0.43–1.60) |  | 1.16(0.37–3.65) |  |
Region | Â | 0.497 | Â | 0.042 |
Kigali | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
West | 0.72(0.30–1.74) |  | 0.30(0.07–1.29) |  |
East | 0.66(0.28–1.57) |  | 0.21(0.04–1.04) |  |
North | 0.84(0.32–2.18) |  | 0.39(0.07–2.28) |  |
South | 0.48(0.20–1.16) |  | 0.14(0.03–0.66) |  |
Household size | Â | 0.280 | Â | 0.542 |
Less than 6 | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
6 and above | 0.70(0.37–1.33) |  | 1.43(0.45–4.55) |  |
Sex of household head | Â | 0.545 | Â | 0.261 |
Male | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Female | 1.19(0.67–2.12) |  | 0.54(0.18–1.60) |  |
Exposure to radio | Â | 0.480 | Â | 0.576 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 1.22(0.70–2.13) |  | 1.48(0.37–5.85) |  |
Exposure to television | Â | 0.195 | Â | 0.032 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.73(0.45–1.18) |  | 0.35(0.14–0.91) |  |
Exposure to newspapers | Â | 0.518 | Â | 0.463 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.82(0.45–1.50) |  | 0.64(0.19–2.12) |  |
Husband/partner’s education |  | 0.102 |  | 0.032 |
Tertiary | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Secondary | 0.53(0.18–1.62) |  | 0.11(0.01–1.83) |  |
Primary | 0.33(0.12–0.89) |  | 0.08(0.01–0.50) |  |
No education | 0.36(0.11–1.13) |  | 0.08(0.01–0.59) |  |
Mosquito net use | Â | 0.608 | Â | 0.777 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.88(0.55–1.42) |  | 0.86(0.30–2.49) |  |
Deworming | Â | 0.895 | Â | 0.384 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 1.07(0.367–3.148) |  | 1.75(0.49–6.23) |  |
Trimester | Â | 0.066 | Â | 0.891 |
First | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Second | 2.11(1.13–3.93) |  | 0.81(0.25–2.56) |  |
Third | 1.59(0.86–2.93) |  | 0.74(0.21–2.58) |  |
Problem with distance to a health facility | Â | 0.023 | Â | <0.001 |
No big problem | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Big problem | 1.84(1.09–3.12) |  | 5.40(2.21–13.23) |  |
Visited health facility in last 6 months | Â | 0.479 | Â | 0.255 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.77(0.37–1.59) |  | 1.88(0.63–5.63) |  |
Body mass index (BMI) | Â | 0.120 | Â | 0.014 |
Overweight | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Normal | 1.65(1.01–2.72) |  | 3.33(1.46–7.59) |  |
Underweight | 0.77(0.08–7.04) |  | 8.05(0.77–83.78) |  |
Antenatal care visits | Â | 0.221 | Â | 0.962 |
4 and above | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Below 4 | 0.65(0.33–1.30) |  | 0.98(0.37–2.58) |  |
Iron supplementation taken during pregnancy | Â | 0.012 | Â | 0.013 |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.24(0.08–0.73) |  | 0.16(0.04–0.67) |  |
Source of drinking water | Â | 0.947 | Â | 0.606 |
Improved source | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Unimproved source | 0.98(0.55–1.74) |  | 0.74(0.24–2.32) |  |
Type of toilet facility | Â | 0.345 | Â | 0.235 |
Improved facility | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Unimproved facility | 0.78(0.47–1.31) |  | 0.52(0.18–1.54) |  |