Characteristics | Overall Frequency n (%), N = 435 | Anaemia n (%), N = 107 | No anaemia n (%), N = 328 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Â | Â | Â | 0.317 |
15–24 | 119(27.4) | 30(28.0) | 89(27.1) |  |
25–34 | 193(44.4) | 41(38.3) | 152(46.3) |  |
35 and above | 122(28.2) | 36(33.6) | 87(26.5) | Â |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | 0.916 |
Tertiary | 19(4.4) | 5(4.7) | 14(4.3) | Â |
Secondary | 113(26.0) | 26(24.3) | 87(26.5) | Â |
Primary | 271(62.3) | 66(61.7) | 205(62.5) | Â |
No education | 32(7.3) | 10(9.3) | 22(6.7) | Â |
Working status | Â | Â | Â | 0.018 |
Working | 285(65.5) | 60(56.1) | 225(68.6) | Â |
Not working | 150(34.5) | 47(43.9) | 103(31.4) | Â |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | 0.334 |
Below 4 | 355(81.7) | 91(85.0) | 264(80.5) | Â |
4 and above | 80(18.3) | 16(15.0) | 64(19.5) | Â |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.181 |
Married | 370(85.2) | 87(81.3) | 284(86.6) | Â |
Unmarried | 64(14.8) | 20(18.7) | 44(13.4) | Â |
Health insurance | Â | Â | Â | 0.049 |
Yes | 377(86.7) | 99(92.5) | 279(84.8) | Â |
No | 58(13.3) | 8(7.5) | 50(15.2) | Â |
Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | 0.984 |
Richest | 90(20.8) | 22(20.6) | 69(21.0) | Â |
Richer | 89(20.5) | 24(22.4) | 65(19.8) | Â |
Middle | 89(20.5) | 21(19.6) | 68(20.7) | Â |
Poorer | 85(19.5) | 20(18.7) | 65(19.8) | Â |
Poorest | 81(18.7) | 20(18.7) | 61(18.6) | Â |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | 0.517 |
Urban | 73(16.8) | 20(18.9) | 53(16.2) | Â |
Rural | 362(83.2) | 87(81.1) | 275(83.8) | Â |
Region | Â | Â | Â | 0.334 |
Kigali | 56(12.9) | 18(16.8) | 38(11.6) | Â |
West | 103(23.7) | 26(24.3) | 77(23.5) | Â |
East | 103(23.7) | 24(22.2) | 79(24.0) | Â |
North | 64(14.7) | 18(16.8) | 46(14.0) | Â |
South | 109(25.0) | 21(19.6) | 88(26.8) | Â |
Household size | Â | Â | Â | 0.187 |
Less than 6 | 336(77.2) | 88(81.3) | 249(75.9) | Â |
6 and above | 99(22.8) | 20(18.7) | 79(24.1) | Â |
Sex of household head | Â | Â | Â | 0.528 |
Male | 349(80.2) | 84(77.6) | 266(81.1) | Â |
Female | 86(19.8) | 24(22.4) | 62(18.9) | Â |
Exposure to radio | Â | Â | Â | 0.432 |
Yes | 345(79.4) | 82(76.6) | 263(80.2) | Â |
No | 89(20.6) | 25(23.4) | 65(19.8) | Â |
Exposure to television | Â | Â | Â | 0.171 |
Yes | 176(40.5) | 49(45.8) | 127(38.7) | Â |
No | 259(59.5) | 58(54.2) | 201(61.3) | Â |
Exposure to newspapers | Â | Â | Â | 0.486 |
Yes | 89(20.4) | 25(23.4) | 64(19.5) | Â |
No | 346(79.6) | 82(76.6) | 264(80.5) | Â |
Husband/partner’s educationa |  |  |  | 0.023 |
Tertiary | 27(6.2) | 12(13.6) | 15(5.3) | Â |
Secondary | 61(14.0) | 18(20.5) | 43(15.2) | Â |
Primary | 236(54.3) | 49(55.6) | 188(66.4) | Â |
No education | 47(10.8) | 10(11.4) | 37(13.1) | Â |
Mosquito net use | Â | Â | Â | 0.607 |
Yes | 254(58.5) | 65(60.7) | 190(57.9) | Â |
No | 180(41.5) | 42(39.3) | 138(42.1) | Â |
Dewormingb | Â | Â | Â | 0.839 |
Yes | 196(45.2) | 44(86.3) | 152(87.4) | Â |
No | 29(6.5) | 7(13.7) | 22(12.6) | Â |
Trimester | Â | Â | Â | 0.029 |
First | 138(31.7) | 24(22.4) | 114(34.8) | Â |
Second | 138(31.8) | 43(40.2) | 95(29.0) | Â |
Third | 159(36.5) | 40(37.4) | 119(36.3 | Â |
Problem with distance to a health facility | Â | Â | Â | 0.010 |
No big problem | 320(73.6) | 68(63.6) | 252(76.8) | Â |
Big problem | 115(26.4) | 39(36.4) | 76(23.2) | Â |
Visited health facility in last 6 months | Â | Â | Â | 0.417 |
Yes | 363(83.5) | 92(86.0) | 271(82.6) | Â |
No | 72(16.5) | 15(14.0) | 57(17.4) | Â |
Body mass index (BMI) | Â | Â | Â | 0.093 |
Overweight | 187(43.0) | 37(34.6) | 150(45.7) | Â |
Normal | 240(55.2) | 69(64.5) | 171(52.1) | Â |
Underweight | 8(1.8) | 1(0.9) | 7(2.1) | Â |
Antenatal care visitsc | Â | Â | Â | 0.164 |
Below 4 | 116(49.8) | 21(40.4) | 95(52.2) | Â |
4 and above | 118(50.2) | 31(59.6) | 87(47.8) | Â |
Iron supplementation takenc | Â | Â | Â | 0.011 |
No | 47(19.9) | 4(7.7) | 43(23.6) | Â |
Yes | 187(80.1) | 48(92.3) | 139(76.4) | Â |
Source of drinking water | Â | Â | Â | 0.966 |
Improved source | 349(80.3) | 86(80.4) | 263(80.2) | Â |
Unimproved source | 86(19.7) | 21(19.6) | 65(19.8) | Â |
Type of toilet facility | Â | Â | Â | 0.327 |
Improved facility | 309(71.1) | 80(74.8) | 229(69.8) | Â |
Unimproved facility | 127(28.9) | 27(25.2) | 99(30.2) | Â |
Anaemic | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 328(75.4) | |||
Yes | 107(24.6), (95%CI: 21.1–29.3) |