Table 1 Demographics characteristics of the study participants

Maternal

 Age, years

32.5 ± 3.9

31.8 ± 4.5

31.4 ± 3.9

 Education level, n (%)

  Secondary or lower

2 (6.1%)

2 (6.7%)

0

  Tertiary

31 (93.9%)

28 (93.3%)

32 (100.0%)

 Smoking during pregnancy, n (%)

0

0

0

 Drinking during pregnancy, n (%)

0

0

0

 Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²

25.6 (24.5, 27.2)^a,b

20.3 ± 1.2

20.6 ± 1.5

 Parity, n (%)

  Primiparous

19 (57.6%)

19 (63.3%)

25 (78.1%)

  Multiparous

14 (42.4%)

11 (36.7%)

7 (21.9%)

 IVF-ET, n (%)

5 (15.2%) ^{a, b}

0

0

 Family history of HTN, n (%)

14 (42.4%) ^a

1 (3.3%) ^c

11 (34.4%)

 Family history of DM, n (%)

4 (12.1%)

2 (6.7%)

5 (15.6%)

 PCOS, n (%)

0

0

1 (3.1%)

 Preeclampsia, n (%)

3 (9.1%)

0

0

 Premature rupture of membrane, n (%)

14 (42.4%)

12 (40.0%)

8 (25.0%)

 Postpartum hemorrhage, n (%)

6 (18.2%)

5 (16.7%)

2 (6.3%)

 Gestation at delivery, week

39.6 ± 1.2

39.5 ± 0.9

39.7 ± 1.1

 GWG, kg

12.9 ± 3.8^a

17.0 (15.5, 19.1)^c

11.8 ± 1.5

 Mode of delivery, n (%)

  Spontaneous vaginal delivery

27 (81.8%)

25 (83.3%)

28 (87.5%)

  Assisted vaginal delivery

6 (18.2%)

5 (16.7%)

4 (12.5%)

Neonatal

 Sex, n (%)

  Male

20 (60.6%)

13 (43.3%)

17 (53.1%)

  Female

13 (39.4%)

17 (56.7%)

15 (46.9%)

 Birth weight, g

3361.5 ± 381.8

3294.7 ± 342.5

3258.8 ± 371.0

 Birth length, cm

50 (50, 50)

50 (50, 50)

50 (49, 50)

 Macrosomia, n (%)

1 (3.0%)

0

1 (3.1%)

 LBW, n (%)

0

0

0