Table 2 Binary logistic regression analysis of factors associated with early ANC visits

Age of respondent (years)

15–19

20–24

25–29

30–34

35–39

40–44

45–49

1(ref)

1.61(1.21–2.13)

2.10(1.59–2.75)

2.17(1.65–2.84)

2.00(1.50–2.66)

1.81(1.34–2.45)

1.48(1.02–2.13)

0.001

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.036

1(ref)

1.51(1.12–2.05)

1.75(1.31–2.33)

1.71(1.28–2.29)

1.67(1.24–2.26)

1.60(1.15–2.22)

1.31(0.89–1.93)

0.007

0.000

0.000

0.001

0.004

0.165

Educational level

No education

1(ref)

1(ref)

Primary

Junior high

Senior high

Higher

1.03(0.89–1.18)

1.25(1.10–1.41)

1.48(1.23–1.77)

3.08(2.32–4.09)

0.653

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.02(0.86–1.21)

1.12(0.95–1.33)

1.12(0.89–1.41)

1.83(1.27–2.64)

0.778

0.150

0.316

0.001

Wealth index

Lowest

1(ref)

1(ref)

Second

Middle

Fourth

Highest

1.03(0.89–1.20)

1.15(0.99–1.33)

1.39(1.18–1.63)

2.54(2.11–3.06)

0.641

0.053

0.000

0.000

1.05(0.89–1.24)

1.18(0.97–1.43)

1.44(1.15–1.79)

2.43(1.83–3.23)

0.543

0.082

0.001

0.000

Religion

Christianity

Muslim

Traditional

No religion

1(ref)

0.80(0.71–0.90)

0.60(0.44–0.82)

0.77(0.59–1.02)

0.000

0.002

0.070

1(ref)

0.83(0.71–0.97)

0.80(0.51–1.25)

0.92(0.67–1.26)

0.020

0.336

0.625

Place of residence

Urban

Rural

1(ref)

0.85(0.75–0.96)

0.010

1(ref)

1.11(0.95–1.30)

0.152

Region

Western

Central

Greater Accra

Volta

Eastern

Ashanti

Brong Ahafo

Northern

Upper East

Upper West

0.90(0.69–1.18)

1.01(0.77–1.31)

1(ref)

1.00(0.76–1.31)

1.20(0.95–1.51)

1.00(0.80–1.24)

0.90(0.71–1.14)

0.69(0.54–0.88)

1.29(0.99–1.67)

1.38(1.09–1.74)

0.479

0.926

0.997

0.116

0.990

0.412

0.003

0.053

0.006

1.26(0.92–1.72)

1.46(1.10–1.93)

1(ref)

1.51(1.05–2.19)

1.85(1.40–2.45)

1.27(0.97–1.66)

1.38(0.96–1.83)

1.33(0.96–1.83)

2.43(1.76–3.37)

2.31(1.70–3.15)

0.143

0.008

0.025

0.000

0.071

0.027

0.079

0.000

0.000

Covered by health insurance

Yes

No

1(ref)

0.92(0.82–1.02)

0.129

1(ref)

1.00(0.88–1.12)

0.990

Reason for first ANC visit

Problem

No problem (Just for a checkup)

1(ref)

0.53(0.46–0.63)

0.000

1(ref)

0.52(0.44–0.63)

0.000

Payed for ANC services

Yes

No

1(ref)

1.09(0.98–1.21)

0.099

1(ref)

1.12(0.99–1.27)

0.062

Distance to health facility

Big problem

Not a big problem

1(ref)

1.17(1.03–1.32)

0.010

1(ref)

0.96(0.82–1.13)

0.654

Getting permission

Big problem

Not a big problem

1(ref)

1.22(1.00-1.49)

0.042

1(ref)

1.11(0.87–1.42)

0.389

Getting money for treatment

Big problem

1(ref)

1(ref)

Not a big problem

1.29(1.17–1.43)

0.000

1.03(0.91–1.17)

0.586