Fig. 2

a Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the composite adverse neonatal outcome in the treated and untreated IADPSG and NICE groups versus the control group. b ORs and 95% CIs for hypoglycaemia in the treated and untreated IADPSG and NICE groups versus the control group. ORs odds ratios, CIs confidence intervals, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, IADPSG The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups, NICE The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The composite adverse neonatal outcome included neonatal hypoglycaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, birth trauma or perinatal mortality. Birth trauma included clavicle fracture or Erb’s palsy. Model II: adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking status, socioeconomic status, preterm birth < 37 weeks of gestation, birth weight > 4. 5 kg or < 2.5 kg and maternal hypertension (pre-pregnancy or pregnancy-induced)