Table 2 Parent-fetal bonding (PAI pre and post-imaging (t-tests)

Pre-imaging PAI

Post-imaging PAI

Mean difference

t

Effect size (Hedge’s g)

All-mothers (paired data for n = 56)^a

38.02 (SD 8.47)

42.73 (SD 8.90)

4.71

-6.11^**

-0.81

All-fathers (paired data for n = 17)^a

35.53 (SD 8.45)

38.59 (SD 8.26)

3.06

-2.29^*

-0.53

Mothers vs. Fathers

All-mothers

All-fathers

Mean difference

t

Effect size (Hedge’s g)

Pre-imaging PAI

38.19 (SD 8.41)

36.94 (SD 10.16)

-1.25

0.52

0.14

Post-imaging PAI

42.73 (SD 8.90)

38.59 (SD 8.26)

-4.14

1.71

0.47

Ultrasound vs. MRI

All-ultrasound

All-MRI

Mean difference

t

Effect size (Hedge’s g)

Pre-imaging PAI

36.75 (SD 8.77)

44.00 (SD 6.21)

7.25

-2.73^*

-0.85

Post-imaging PAI

40.70 (SD 8.86)

47.14 (SD 7.04)

6.46

-2.38^*

-0.74