Table 1 Baseline characteristics stratified by HFpEF

Age, mean (SD)

33.97 (4.57)

32.77 (4.46)

 < 0.001

BMI^a (kg/m²) before pregnancy

 mean (SD)

23.33 (5.04)

21.78 (3.71)

 < 0.001

 < 25, n (%)

182 (71.65)

28,818 (84.78)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 25, < 30, n (%)

45 (17.72)

3866 (11.37)

 ≥ 30, n (%)

27 (10.63)

1308 (3.85)

BMI^a (kg/m²) at delivery

 mean (SD)

28.15 (5.43)

26.50 (3.95)

 < 0.001

 < 25, n (%)

79 (30.74)

13,415 (39.41)

 < 0.001

 25–30, n (%)

101 (39.30)

15,227 (44.74)

 ≥ 30, n (%)

77 (29.96)

5395 (15.85)

Nulliparity, n (%)

160 (62.02)

18,036 (52.84)

0.003

Multiple pregnancies, n (%)

35 (13.57)

1914 (5.61)

 < 0.001

Smoking, n (%)

35 (13.57)

4421 (12.95)

0.770

Drinking, n (%)

31 (12.02)

4148 (12.15)

0.947

In vitro fertilization, n (%)

18 (6.98)

1494 (4.38)

0.042

Chronic hypertension, n (%)

52 (10.08)

2582 (3.78)

 < 0.001

History of pulmonary or arterial embolism, n (%)

5 (1.94)

115 (0.34)

0.002

Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

12 (2.33)

160 (0.23)

 < 0.001

Transfusion in a previous pregnancy, n (%)

9 (3.49)

287 (0.84)

 < 0.001

PAH^a in a previous pregnancy, n (%)

20 (7.75)

643 (1.88)

 < 0.001

GDM in a previous pregnancy, n (%)

4 (1.55)

730 (2.14)

0.515

Type 1 and Type 2 DM, n (%)

24 (4.65)

1862 (2.73)

0.008

sBP in the first visit, mean (SD)

140.58 (28.97)

118.00 (15.12)

 < 0.001

dBP in the first visit, mean (SD)

88.36 (19.42)

74.70 (17.41)

 < 0.001

Rheumatic disease^b

18 (6.98%)

943 (2.76%)

 < 0.001