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Table 4 Birth characteristics associated with upsetting experiences of disrespect and abuse among multiparous women (n = 4,904)

From: Experienced disrespect & abuse during childbirth and associated birth characteristics: a cross-sectional survey in the Netherlands

 

Any category of disrespect and abuse

Emotional pressure

Unfriendly behaviour/ verbal abuse

Use of force/ physical violence

Communication issues

Lack of support

Lack of consent

Discrimination

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Onset of labour

Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Induction

2.27 (1.97 – 2.62)

1.09 (0.90 – 1.32)

1.39 (0.89 – 2.16)

0.88 (0.51 – 1.52)

2.06 (1.59 – 2.68)

0.97 (0.70 – 1.35)

1.87 (1.51 – 2.30)

0.94 (0.71 – 1.22)

2.06 (1.72 – 2.46)

1.01 (0.80 – 1.28)

2.19 (1.81 – 2.64)

1.13 (0.88 – 1.44)

2.19 (1.85 – 2.59)

1.15 (0.92 – 1.44)

1.88 (0.73 – 4.85)

C-section

1.68 (1.33 – 2.11)

0.91 (0.34 – 2.45)

0.71 (0.29 – 1.78)

-

1.63 (1.07 – 2.50)

0.39 (0.10 – 1.46)

1.03 (0.70 – 1.53)

-

2.03 (1.54 – 2.67)

1.45 (0.40 – 5.32)

2.06 (1.55 – 2.76)

0.85 (0.27 – 2.72)

0.65 (0.45 – 0.94)

0.55 (0.15 – 2.05)

4.08 (1.41 – 11.80)

Healthcare provider throughout birth

Midwife-led care

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Transfer of carea

3.90 (3.21 – 4.74)

1.94 (1.45 – 2.60)

5.20 (2.95 – 9.14)

1.34 (0.50 – 3.56)

5.44 (3.66 – 8.07)

2.26 (1.17 – 4.35)

5.84 (4.31 – 7.92)

2.57 (1.58 – 4.16)

4.80 (3.72 – 6.19)

1.74 (1.16 – 2.62)

3.67 (2.81 – 4.86)

1.93 (1.26 – 2.94)

4.24 (3.36 – 5.36)

2.04 (1.42 – 2.93)

2.764 (0.59 – 11.81)

Obstetrician-led care

3.97 (3.42 – 4.61)

1.67 (1.22 – 2.28)

2.69 (1.60 – 4.53)

0.65 (0.24 – 1.77)

5.21 (3.72 – 7.30)

1.73 (0.88 – 3.42)

4.47 (3.44 – 5.81)

1.80 (1.08 – 3.00)

4.44 (3.60 – 5.47)

1.34 (0.87 – 2.05)

4.22 (3.40 – 5.23)

1.83 (1.18 – 2.86)

3.34 (2.76 – 4.04)

1.45 (0.99 – 2.13)

4.98 (1.66 – 14.91)

Pain relief during labour

None

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Epidural

2.89 (2.34 – 3.56)

1.12 (0.88 – 1.44)

1.75 (0.94 – 3.28)

0.72 (0.35 – 1.48)

3.16 (2.24 – 4.45)

1.24 (0.83 – 1.85)

2.53 (1.89 – 3.38)

1.05 (0.75 – 1.47)

2.58 (2.01 – 3.32)

0.94 (0.70 – 1.27)

2.67 (2.06 – 3.47)

1.25 (0.92 – 1.71)

2.45 (1.93 – 3.11)

0.97 (0.73 – 1.28)

2.45 (0.68 – 8.82)

Remifentanil

2.29 (1.83 – 2.86)

0.97 (0.75 – 1.25)

2.10 (1.14 – 3.86)

0.86 (0.44 – 1.69)

2.86 (1.98 – 4.13)

1.14 (0.75 – 1.73)

2.94 (2.20 – 3.93)

1.25 (0.90 – 1.74)

2.57 (1.98 – 3.34)

1.05 (0.78 – 1.42)

2.58 (1.96 – 3.40)

1.37 (1.00 – 1.87)

2.13 (1.65 – 2.75)

0.93 (0.69 – 1.24)

2.70 (0.75 – 9.71)

Otherb

3.74 (2.35 – 5.96)

2.30 (1.37 – 3.85)

3.36 (1.19 – 9.48)

1.62 (0.48 – 5.62)

5.13 (2.75 – 9.55)

2.86 (1.40 – 5.80)

3.06 (1.68 – 5.55)

1.41 (0.70 – 2.83)

2.95 (1.73 – 5.03)

1.54 (0.84 – 2.83)

2.99 (1.72 – 5.21)

1.75 (0.94 – 3.25)

3.90 (2.40 – 6.33)

2.27 (1.31 – 3.94)

4.60 (0.59 – 36.06)

Place of birth

Home

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Midwife-led institutionalc

1.56 (1.25 – 1.96)

1.37 (1.08 – 1.75)

0.94 (0.37 – 2.39)

0.82 (0.27 – 2.48)

1.78 (0.99 – 3.18)

1.29 (0.67 – 2.49)

1.22 (0.79 – 1.89)

1.01 (0.64 – 1.61)

1.38 (0.98 – 1.94)

1.25 (0.87 – 1.81)

1.99 (1.41 – 2.80)

1.73 (1.19 – 2.52)

1.48 (1.10 – 1.99)

1.29 (0.93 – 1.77)

1.61 (0.23 – 11.45)

Obstetrician-led hospitald

4.78 (4.02 – 5.68)

2.55 (1.83 – 3.55)

4.16 (2.26 – 7.67)

7.87 (2.57 – 24.06)

7.31 (4.70 – 11.38)

3.80 (1.79 – 8.06)

5.24 (3.86 – 7.11)

2.66 (1.55 – 4.57)

5.46 (4.25 – 7.02)

3.37 (2.13 – 5.34)

5.20 (3.97 – 6.81)

2.38 (1.47 – 3.88)

4.23 (3.38 – 5.29)

2.69 (1.79 – 4.04)

6.05 (1.41 – 26.03)

Mode of birth

Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Planned C-section

1.42 (1.12 – 1.80)

0.96 (0.48 – 2.00)

0.47 (0.15 – 1.51)

0.37 (0.05 – 2.84)

1.40 (0.89 – 2.21)

0.56 (0.19 – 1.66)

0.98 (0.65 – 1.49)

2.34 (0.62 – 8.81)

1.74 (1.29 – 2.33)

1.12 (0.51 – 2.46)

1.77 (1.31 – 2.39)

1.03 (0.44 – 2.41)

0.58 (0.40 – 0.86)

1.12 (0.42 – 3.01)

3.41 (1.11 – 10.51)

Spontaneous with episiotomy

1.61 (1.286– 2.07)

1.09 (0.83 – 1.4)

1.09 (0.47 – 2.52)

0.63 (0.24 – 1.60)

1.29 (0.79 – 2.13)

0.82 (0.48 – 1.40)

1.32 (0.89 – 1.96)

0.81 (0.53 – 1.25)

1.52 (1.10 – 2.10)

1.05 (0.74 – 1.48)

1.37 (0.97 – 1.93)

0.92 (0.64 – 1.34)

1.59 (1.19 – 2.14)

1.15 (0.84 – 1.58)

-

Assisted vaginal birth

5.25 (3.49 – 7.89)

2.55 (1.63 – 3.99)

2.88 (1.14 – 7.29)

1.18 (0.41 – 3.45)

4.88 (2.90 – 8.21)

2.26 (1.27 – 4.01)

5.48 (3.53 – 8.51)

2.42 (1.49 – 3.95)

4.80 (3.16 – 7.29)

2.25 (1.42 – 3.57)

2.65 (1.65 – 4.28)

1.29 (0.76 – 2.19)

4.83 (3.22 – 7.25)

2.72 (1.74 – 4.24)

2.98 (0.39 – 22.96)

Unplanned C-section

4.62 (3.57– 5.98)

2.23 (1.62 – 3.08)

2.92 (1.59 – 5.35)

1.77 (0.85 – 3.67)

4.31 (3.01 – 6.16)

1.66 (1.04 – 2.64)

4.23 (3.12 – 5.74)

2.43 (1.68 – 3.52)

5.75 (4.40 – 7.52)

2.91 (2.08 – 4.07)

3.81 (2.86 – 5.07)

1.73 (1.20 – 2.49)

3.59 (2.74 – 4.71)

2.21 (1.58 – 3.08)

5.86 (2.07 – 16.55)

  1. For some of the comparisons, groups were too small to calculate AORs
  2. OR Odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, C-section Caesarean section
  3. aTransfer from midwife-led care to obstetrician-led care
  4. bSterile water injection, Entonox or pethidine
  5. cBirth centre or hospital with community midwife
  6. dHospital with hospital-based care provider (medical indication)
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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