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Table 3 Birth characteristics associated with upsetting experiences of disrespect and abuse among primiparous women (n = 6,616)

From: Experienced disrespect & abuse during childbirth and associated birth characteristics: a cross-sectional survey in the Netherlands

 

Any category of disrespect and abuse

Emotional pressure

Unfriendly behaviour/ verbal abuse

Use of force / physical violence

Communication issues

Lack of support

Lack of consent

Discrimination

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Onset of labour

Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Induction

1.80

(1.61 – 2.00)

1.15

(0.98 – 1.34)

1.55

(1.16 – 2.07)

1.06

(0.70 – 1.60)

1.41

(1.19 – 1.66)

0.94

(0.74 – 1.19)

1.63

(1.42 – 1.88)

1.23

(1.00 – 1.50)

1.51

(1.34 – 1.69)

1.05

(0.89 – 1.25)

1.44

(1.27 – 1.63)

0.95

(0.80 – 1.14)

1.74

(1.55 – 1.95)

1.23

(1.04 – 1.46)

1.81

(1.07 – 3.08)

C-section

1.09

(0.85 – 1.40)

1.23

(0.56 – 2.71)

1.10

(0.53 – 2.28)

0.87

(0.10 – 7.46)

1.09

(0.72 – 1.64)

1.44

(0.32 – 6.43)

0.54

(0.35 – 0.48)

1.26

(0.27 – 5.81)

0.95

(0.71 – 1.26)

0.92

(0.37 – 2.27)

1.36

(1.03 – 1.80)

1.76

(0.65 – 4.81)

0.67

(0.49 – 0.93)

6.34

(0.83 – 48.47)

2.09

(0.73 – 5.96)

Healthcare provider throughout birth

Midwife-led care

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Transfer of carea

4.65

(4.01 – 5.40)

1.56

(1.21 – 2.02)

3.34

(1.94 – 5.72)

2.60

(1.06 – 6.38)

4.84

(3.52 – 6.67)

1.59

(0.96 – 2.64)

3.69

(3.69 – 6.12)

1.77

(1.17 – 2.68)

4.73

(3.91 – 5.72)

1.59

(1.16 – 2.18)

4.01

(3.29 – 4.90)

1.42

(1.02 – 1.97)

4.29

(3.56 – 5.17)

1.44

(1.05 – 1.97)

14.93

(2.01 – 110.65)

Obstetrician-led care

4.68

(4.04 – 5.43)

1.44

(1.09 – 1.89)

4.12

(2.43 – 6.99)

2.71

(1.06 – 6.93)

4.66

(3.39 – 6.41)

1.47

(0.87 – 2.50)

4.56

(3.55 – 5.87)

1.56

(1.01 – 2.41)

4.38

(3.62 – 5.29)

1.36

(0.97 – 1.90)

4.09

(3.36 – 4.99)

1.34

(0.95 – 1.91)

4.17

(3.46 – 5.02)

1.26

(0.90 – 1.78)

21.56

(2.95 – 157.40)

Pain relief during labour

None

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Epidural

2.52

(2.25 – 2.82)

1.23

(1.06 – 1.41)

1.66

(1.21 – 2.28)

0.89

(0.61 – 1.29)

2.33

(1.93 – 2.80)

1.32

(1.06 – 1.63)

1.89

(1.62 – 2.20)

0.96

(0.80 – 1.15)

2.30

(2.02 – 2.60)

1.22

(1.04 – 1.42)

2.10

(1.84 – 2.40)

1.20

(1.02 – 1.41)

2.10

(1.85 – 2.38)

1.07

(0.92 – 1.24)

3.31

(1.81 – 6.04)

Remifentanil

2.71

(2.32 – 3.18)

1.51

(1.26 – 1.81)

1.78

(1.18 – 2.68)

1.16

(0.74 – 1.80)

2.03

(1.59 – 2.60)

1.29

(0.99 – 1.69)

2.46

(2.03 – 2.98)

1.43

(1.15 – 1.77)

2.45

(2.08 – 2.90)

1.49

(1.23 – 1.80)

2.14

(1.80 – 2.56)

1.32

(1.08 – 1.61)

2.31

(1.96 – 2.73)

1.38

(1.14 – 1.66)

1.78

(0.73 – 4.34)

Otherb

2.25

(1.67 – 3.04)

1.45

(1.05 – 2.02)

0.91

(0.33 -2.51)

0.72

(0.26 – 2.01)

2.29

(1.48 – 3.55)

1.55

(0.97 – 3.09)

1.74

(1.18 – 2.56)

1.12

(0.74 – 1.77)

2.43

(1.78 – 3.33)

1.60

(1.14 – 2.26)

2.56

(1.86 – 3.53)

1.70

(1.20 – 2.40)

1.36

(0.96 – 1.92)

0.89

(0.61 – 1.28)

1.13

(0.15 – 8.54)

Place of birth

Home

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Midwife-led institutionalc

1.86

(1.46 – 2.37)

1.58

(1.22 – 2.05)

1.68

(0.69 – 4.08)

1.09

(0.39 – 3.06)

1.74

(0.96 – 3.15)

1.43

(0.78 – 2.65)

1.31

(0.85 – 2.02)

1.09

(0.68 – 1.74)

2.17

(1.54 – 3.05)

1.88

(1.30 – 2.70)

2.22

(1.55 – 3.18)

1.81

(1.23 – 2.64)

1.82

(1.31 – 2.52)

1.62

(1.14 – 2.31)

2.06

(0.19 – 22.75)

Obstetrician-led hospitald

6.65

(5.47 – 8.08)

2.92

(2.13 – 4.01)

4.19

(2.06 – 8.54)

1.78

(0.58 – 5.47)

6.87

(4.28 – 11.04)

3.10

(1.58 – 6.09)

5.11

(3.68 – 7.10)

2.07

(1.23 – 3.47)

7.09

(5.36 – 9.38)

3.12

(2.05 – 4.74)

6.54

(4.86 – 8.81)

3.35

(2.17 – 5.20)

6.17

(4.74 – 8.03)

3.32

(2.21 – 4.97)

10.20

(1.41 – 73.73)

Mode of birth

Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Planned C-section

1.17

(0.89 – 1.53)

1.15

(0.62 – 2.12)

1.16

(0.53 – 2.54)

3.97

(0.45 – 35.24)

1.24

(0.77 – 2.00)

1.20

(0.48 – 2.95)

0.66

(0.39 – 1.13)

1.11

(0.43 – 2.87)

1.17

(0.84 – 1.63)

2.08

(1.05 – 4.12)

1.53

(1.12 – 2.10)

1.33

(0.69 – 2.59)

0.66

(0.45 – 0.97)

0.98

(0.47 – 2.06)

2.26

(0.66 – 7.69)

Spontaneous with episiotomy

1.90

(1.65 – 2.18)

1.43

(1.22 – 1.67)

1.42

(0.96 – 2.10)

1.19

(0.79 – 1.79)

1.71

(1.35 – 2.15)

1.31

(1.03 – 1.68)

2.38

(1.97 – 2.89)

1.94

(1.58 – 2.38)

1.84

(1.57 – 2.16)

1.44

(1.21 – 1.72)

1.61

(1.36 – 1.90)

1.25

(1.04 – 1.49)

1.95

(1.67 – 2.28)

1.54

(1.30 – 1.83)

2.54

(1.28 – 5.01)

Assisted vaginal birth

3.06

(2.64– 3.54)

1.82

(1.54 – 2.15)

1.06

(0.68 – 1.65)

0.61

(0.37 – 1.01)

2.28

(1.83 – 2.85)

1.37

(1.07 – 1.75)

3.84

(3.20—4.61)

2.52

(2.06 – 3.09)

2.86

(2.44 – 3.34)

1.84

(1.54 – 2.20)

2.23

(1.90 – 2.63)

1.42

(1.18 – 1.70)

2.94

(2.52 – 3.43)

1.84

(1.55 – 2.18)

1.29

(0.54 – 3.07)

Unplanned C-section

3.51

(3.02 – 4.07)

2.07

(1.74 – 2.46)

1.95

(1.36 – 2.80)

1.43

(0.96 – 2.15)

2.58

(2.08 – 3.20)

1.56

(1.23 – 2.00)

3.01

(2.49 – 3.63)

2.06

(1.66 – 2.55)

3.61

(3.10 – 4.21)

2.52

(2.11 – 3.01)

2.70

(2.30 – 3.16)

1.76

(1.47 – 2.12)

2.83

(2.42 – 3.30)

1.88

(1.58 – 2.25)

2.90

(1.49 – 5.66)

  1. For some of the comparisons, groups were too small to calculate AORs
  2. OR Odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, C-section caesarean section
  3. aTransfer from midwife-led care to obstetrician-led care
  4. bSterile water injection, Entonox or pethidine
  5. cBirth centre or hospital with community midwife
  6. dHospital with hospital-based care provider (medical indication)
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