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Table 1 Baseline and birth characteristics of the study population (n = 11,520)

From: Experienced disrespect & abuse during childbirth and associated birth characteristics: a cross-sectional survey in the Netherlands

  

Total n (%)

Primiparous n (%)

Multiparous n (%)

P-value

Total

 

11520 (100)

6616 (57.4)

4904 (42.6)

 

Maternal age

 < 25 years

1052 (9.6)

861 (13.6)

191 (4.1)

 < 0.001

25–35 years

8771 (79.8)

5064 (79.7)

3707 (79.9)

 

 > 35 years

1170 (10.6)

425 (6.7)

745 (16.0)

 

Ethnic background

Dutch

9438 (83.0)

5429 (83.2)

4009 (82.7)

0.02

Western

504 (4.4)

311 (4.8)

193 (4.0)

 

Non-western

1430 (12.6)

785 (12.0)

645 (13.3)

 

Level of education

Low

673 (6.1)

389 (6.1)

284 (6.1)

1.00

Middle

2659 (24.3)

1537 (24.3)

1122 (24.3)

 

High

7617 (69.6)

4402 (69.6)

3215 (69.6)

 

Marital Status at time of birth

Married

6535 (59.4)

3459 (54.5)

3076 (66.3)

 < 0.001

Living together

4171 (37.9)

2669 (42.0)

1502 (32.3)

 

Living apart together

122 (1.1)

96 (1.5)

26 (0.6)

 

Single

169 (1.6)

130 (2.0)

39 (0.8)

 

Singleton or multiple pregnancy

Singleton

11297 (98.1)

6486 (98.0)

4811 (98.1)

0.84

Multiple

223 (1.9)

130 (2.0)

93 (1.9)

 

Gestational age

Preterm (< 37 weeks)

669 (5.8)

447 (6.8)

222 (4.5)

 < 0.001

Term (37–41 + 6 weeks)

10448 (90.9)

5895 (89.2)

4553 (93.1)

 

Postterm (≥ 42 weeks)

381 (3.3)

264 (4.0)

117 (2.4)

 

Before or during COVID-19 pandemic

Prior COVID-19 pandemic

7521 (65.3)

4237 (64.0)

3284 (67.0)

 < 0.001

During COVID-19 pandemic

3999 (34.7)

2379 (36.0)

1620 (33.0)

 

Onset of labour

Spontaneous

7759 (67.3)

4383 (66.3)

3376 (68.8)

 < 0.001

Induction

3108 (27.0)

1960 (29.6)

1148 (23.4)

 

C-section

653 (5.7)

273 (4.1)

380 (7.8)

 

Healthcare provider throughout birth

Midwife-led care

3899 (33.9)

1558 (23.6)

2341 (47.7)

 < 0.001

Transfer of carea

3090 (26.8)

2422 (36.6)

668 (13.6)

 

Obstetrician-led care

4531 (39.3)

2636 (39.8)

1895 (38.7)

 

Pain relief during labour

None

6946 (64.2)

3296 (52.2)

3650 (81.1)

 < 0.001

Epidural analgesia

2425 (22.4)

2017 (32.0)

408 (9.1)

 

Remifentanil

1184 (11.0)

813 (12.9)

371 (8.2)

 

Otherb

256 (2.4)

183 (2.9)

73 (1.6)

 

Place of birth

Home

2400 (20.8)

868 (13.1)

1532 (31.2)

 < 0.001

Midwife-led institutionalc

1796 (15.6)

844 (12.8)

952 (19.4)

 

Obstetrician-led hospitald

7324 (63.6)

4904 (74.1)

2420 (49.4)

 

Mode of birth

Spontaneous

7248 (62.9)

3368 (50.9)

3880 (79.1)

 < 0.001

Planned C-section

590 (5.1)

237 (3.6)

353 (7.2)

 

Spontaneous with episiotomy

1369 (11.9)

1058 (16.0)

311 (6.3)

 

Assisted vaginal birth

1066 (9.3)

965 (14.6)

101 (2.1)

 

Unplanned C-section

1247 (10.8)

988 (14.9)

259 (5.3)

 
  1. P-value conducted using Pearson’s Chi-Square test
  2. C-section Caesarean section
  3. aTransfer from midwife-led care to obstetrician-led care
  4. bSterile water injection, Entonox or pethidine
  5. cBirth centre or hospital with community midwife
  6. dHospital with hospital-based care provider (medical indication)
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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