Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population

Maternal age (years)

mean ± SD

33.23 ± 4.52

33.25 ± 4.92

33.25 ± 4.87 (18–49)

0.973^*

 ≥ 35

27 (69.2)

166 (64.8)

193 (65.4)

0.592^┼

 < 35

12 (30.8)

90 (35.2)

102 (34.6)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

mean ± SD

20.92 ± 2.47

21.87 ± 2.78

21.73 ± 2.75 (15.56 -33.29)

0.010^*

Parity (times)

mean ± SD

1.65 ± 0.82

1.53 ± 3.22

1.54 ± 0.78 (0–6)

0.260^*

 ≥ 2

35 (53.8)

181 (44.9)

216 (46.2)

0.180^┼

 < 2

30 (46.2)

222 (55.1)

252 (53.8)

Cesarean scar (times)

 ≥ 2

25 (38.5)

124 (30.8)

149 (31.8)

0.217^┼

 < 2

40 (61.5)

279 (69.2)

319 (68.2)

Maternal systemic diseases

Healthy

30 (46.2)

229 (56.8)

259 (55.3)

0.056^┼

Anemia

22 (33.8)

108 (26.8)

130 (27.8)

Pre-eclampsia

0 (0.0)

11 (2.7)

11 (2.4)

Gestational diabetes mellitus

6 (9.2)

39 (9.7)

45 (9.6)

Others

7 (10.8)

16 (4.0)

21 (4.9)

Reason for admission

Asymptomatic

9 (13.8)

281 (69.7)

290 (62.0)

 < 0.0001^┼

Abdominal pain

6 (9.2)

31 (7.7)

37 (7.9)

Vaginal bleeding

50 (76.9)

91 (22.6)

141 (30.1)

Hb at admission (g/dL)

mean ± SD

10.77 ± 1.72

11.43 ± 1.30

11.33 ± 1.39 (6.80–15.00)

0.004^*

Hb at pre-surgery (g/dL)

mean ± SD

10.69 ± 1.75

11.47 ± 1.20

11.37 ± 1.31 (6.80–15.00)

0.001^*

Hb at discharge (g/dL)

mean ± SD

8.91 ± 1.50

9.52 ± 1.56

9.44 ± 1.57 (5.50–14.40)

0.004^*

Ureteral double-J insertion

No

56 (86.2)

180 (44.7)

236 (50.4)

 < 0.0001^┼

Yes

9 (13.8)

223 (55.7)

232 (49.6)

Location of PASDs on US

Absence of placenta previa

1 (1.5)

10 (2.5)

11 (2.4)

NA

Anterior

31 (47.7)

188 (46.7)

219 (46.8)

Posterior

9 (13.8)

66 (16.4)

75 (16.0)

Right lateral

5 (7.7)

21 (5.2)

26 (5.6)

Left lateral

4 (4.6)

18 (4.5)

22 (4.7)

Middle

15 (23.1)

100 (24.8)

115 924.6)

Type of intraoperative PASDs

Accreta

13 (20.0)

80 (19.9)

93 (19.9)

0.699^┼

Increta

24 (36.9)

129 (32.0)

153 (32.7)

Percreta

28 (43.1)

194 (48.1)

222 (47.4)

Time from skin incision to fetal delivery (mins)

mean ± SD

21.76 ± 17.19

28.12 ± 16.19

27.23 ± 16.46 (2–95)

0.011^*

Operative time duration (mins)

mean ± SD

133.00 ± 61.00

143.36 ± 50.00

141.92 ± 51.73 (50–365)

0.134^*

EBL (ml)

median

1200

800

800

0.009^**

IQR [Q1-Q3]

[600–2450]

[500–1500]

[500–1600]

(min–max)

(200–5300)

(200–6500)

(200–6500)

Intraoperative complication

Absence

61 (93.8)

380 (94.3)

441 (94.2)

NA

Presence

Bladder perforation

4 (6.2)

16 (4.0)

20 (4.3)

Ureter injury

0 (0.0)

3 (0.7)

3 (0.6)

Rectal/bowel perforation

0 (0.0)

3 (0.7)

3 (0.6)

Large vessel injury

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

Hospital LOS (days)

mean ± SD

7.20 ± 2.31

6.73 ± 2.06

6.80 ± 2.10 (2^a-20)

0.098^*

Blood transfusion

No

15 (23.1)

171 (42.4)

186 (39.7)

0.003^┼

Yes

50 (76.9)

232 (57.6)

282 (60.3)

Postpartum hemorrhage

Absence

62 (95.4)

399 (99.3)

461 (98.7)

NA

Presence

Medical therapy

2 (3.1)

1 (0.2)

3 (0.6)

Relaparotomy for hemostasis

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

Relaparotomy for secondary hysterectomy

1 (1.5)

1 (1.5)

2 (0.4)

Postoperative infection

Absence

59 (90.8)

382 (95.0)

441 (94.4)

NA

Presence

Medical therapy

Relaparotomy without hysterectomy

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

Relaparotomy with hysterectomy

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)