Table 3 Odds of avoiding postpartum healthcare based on experiences of intimate partner violence with covariates (N = 859)

Experience of IPV

Never occurred

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Decreased or did not occur during COVID-19

1.12 (0.71, 1.77)

2.04 (1.19, 3.52)*

1.09 (0.68, 1.76)

1.09 (0.60, 2.00)

Stayed the same or increased during COVID-19

1.78 (1.03, 3.06)*

2.41 (1.27, 4.56)**

1.77 (1.01, 3.10)*

2.32 (1.19, 4.51)*

Age

< 25

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

25–29

1.10 (0.64, 1.88)

1.07 (0.62, 1.83)

1.10 (0.64, 1.88)

1.12 (0.65, 1.91)

30–34

1.56 (0.83, 2.94)

1.50 (0.80, 2.81)

1.59 (0.84, 2.98)

1.61 (0.85, 3.03)

35+

1.61 (0.75, 3.44)

1.55 (0.72, 3.32)

1.62 (0.76, 3.47)

1.62 (0.76, 3.46)

Education

No school or some primary school

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Primary or some secondary school

0.80 (0.42, 1.52)

0.90 (0.47, 1.71)

0.81 (0.43, 1.53)

0.83 (0.44, 1.58)

Secondary school

1.46 (0.76, 2.82)

1.65 (0.85, 3.23)

1.47 (0.76, 2.83)

1.51 (0.87, 2.93)

College or university

0.88 (0.36, 2.16)

1.00 (0.40, 2.47)

0.89 (0.36, 2.19)

0.89 (0.36, 2.17)

Employment Status

Not employed

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Employed

1.00 (0.62, 1.63)

0.99 (0.61, 1.61)

1.00 (0.62, 1.62)

0.98 (0.60, 1.60)

Parity

1

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

2

0.92 (0.52, 1.60)

0.95 (0.54, 1.67)

0.91 (0.52, 1.59)

0.91 (0.52, 1.59)

3

0.64 (0.32, 1.26)

0.65 (0.33, 1.29)

0.63 (0.32, 1.25)

0.64 0.32, 1.27)

4+

0.79 (0.37, 1.70)

0.79 (0.37, 1.70)

0.79 (0.37, 1.69)

0.79 (0.37, 1.70)

Self-rated Health

Excellent, very good, or good

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Fair, poor, or very poor

2.02 (1.38, 2.95)***

1.98 (1.35, 2.89)***

2.03 (1.39, 2.97)***

2.03 (1.39, 2.96)***

Food Insecurity (#, range 0–6)

1.22 (1.08, 1.37)**

1.20 (1.07, 1.36)**

1.22 (1.08, 1.38)**

1.21 (1.08, 1.37)**