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Table 1 Characteristics of women with gestational weeks at delivery and mode of delivery information (number [%])

From: Evaluation of cesarean delivery rates and factors associated with cesarean delivery among women enrolled in a pregnancy cohort study at two tertiary hospitals in Thailand

Characteristic

All participants (N = 2137)

Nulliparous women with singleton, cephalic, term pregnancies

All delivery types (N = 815)

Cesarean delivery (N = 365)

Vaginal delivery (N = 450)

P-valuea

Age at delivery (years)

 < 0.01

 < 25

513 (24)

297 (36)

80 (22)

217 (48)

 

 25–29

557 (26)

231 (28)

107 (29)

124 (28)

 

 30–34

530 (25)

162 (20)

91 (25)

71 (16)

 

 ≥ 35

537 (25)

125 (15)

87 (24)

38 (8)

 

Marital status

0.92

 Married or cohabitating

2066 (97)

783 (96)

352 (96)

431 (96)

 

 Single, divorced, widowed, separated

69 (3)

31 (4)

13 (4)

18 (4)

 

 Unknown

2 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

0 (0)

1 (< 1)

 

Highest year of school completed

 < 0.01

 None

61 (3)

19 (2)

6 (2)

13 (3)

 

 Primary school

771 (36)

206 (25)

81 (22)

125 (28)

 

 Secondary

533 (25)

211 (26)

81 (22)

130 (29)

 

 Post-secondary/university

765 (36)

375 (46)

195 (55)

180 (40)

 

 Unknown

7 (< 1)

4 (< 1)

2 (1)

2 (< 1)

 

Monthly household income (Baht)

 < 0.01

 < 20,000

573 (27)

213 (26)

73 (20)

140 (31)

 

 20,000–39999

993 (46)

353 (43)

156 (43)

197 (44)

 

 40,000–49999

231 (11)

96 (12)

44 (12)

52 (12)

 

 ≥ 50,000

336 (16)

152 (19)

91 (25)

61 (14)

 

 Unknown

4 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

0 (0)

 

Type of health insurance used for delivery

 < 0.01

 Social Security Scheme

1029 (48)

413 (51)

185 (51)

228 (51)

 

 Universal Coverage Scheme

398 (19)

135 (17)

44 (12)

91 (20)

 

 Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (including state enterprises’)

109 (5)

49 (6)

33 (9)

16 (4)

 

 Health card

226 (11)

83 (10)

34 (9)

49 (11)

 

 No insurance (self-pay)

342 (16)

121 (15)

65 (18)

56 (12)

 

 Othersb

31 (1)

12 (1)

3 (1)

9 (2)

 

 Unknown

2 (< 1)

2 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

 

Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)c

 < 0.01

 < 18.5 (underweight)

319 (15)

148 (18)

46 (13)

102 (23)

 

 18.5–24.9 (normal)

1271 (59)

506 (62)

221 (61)

285 (63)

 

 25–29.9 (overweight)

336 (16)

98 (12)

52 (14)

46 (10)

 

 ≥ 30 (obese)

185 (9)

52 (6)

38 (10)

14 (3)

 

 Unknown

26 (1)

11 (1)

8 (2)

3 (1)

 

Parityc

n/a

 0

930 (44)

815 (100)

365 (100)

450 (100)

 

 ≥ 1

1207 (56)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Self-reported number of current chronic medical conditionsd

0.77

 0

1866 (87)

730 (90)

325 (89)

405 (90)

 

 1

245 (11)

80 (10)

37 (10)

43 (9)

 

 > 1

26 (1)

5 (1)

3 (1)

2 (< 1)

 

New medical condition during the current pregnancyc,d

 < 0.01

 Yes

43 (2)

12 (3)

11 (3)

1 (< 1)

 

 No

2094 (98)

803 (97)

354 (97)

449 (100)

 

Worsening chronic medical condition during the current pregnancyc,d

0.70

 Yes

14 (1)

2 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

 

 No

2123 (99)

813 (100)

364 (100)

449 (100)

 

Psychosocial stressore

0.11

 Yes

336 (16)

133 (16)

51 (14)

82 (18)

 

 No

1799 (84)

681 (84)

314 (86)

367 (82)

 

 Unknown

2 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

0 (0)

1 (< 1)

 

Previous uterine scarc

n/a

 Yes

343 (16)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 No

1794 (84)

815 (100)

365 (100)

450 (100)

 

Multiparousc

n/a

 Yes

1351 (37)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 No

786 (63)

815 (100)

365 (100)

450 (100)

 

Number of prenatal care visits before deliveryc

0.42

 1–3

43 (2)

16 (2)

8 (2)

8 (2)

 

 4–6

170 (8)

41 (5)

17 (5)

24 (5)

 

 7–9

775 (36)

272 (33)

114 (31)

158 (35)

 

 > 9

1136 (53)

480 (59)

225 (62)

255 (57)

 

 Unknown

13 (1)

6 (1)

1 (< 1)

5 (1)

 

Trimester of 1st prenatal care visitc

0.04

 First

1477 (70)

600 (74)

284 (78)

316 (70)

 

 Second

622 (29)

202 (25)

78 (21)

124 (28)

 

 Third

34 (2)

10 (1)

3 (1)

7 (2)

 

 Unknown

4 (< 1)

3 (< 1)

0 (0)

3 (1)

 

Number of complications during this pregnancyc,f

 < 0.01

 0

1691 (79)

654 (80)

264 (72)

390 (87)

 

 1

392 (18)

141 (17)

87 (24)

54 (12)

 

 > 1

54 (3)

20 (2)

14 (4)

6 (1)

 

Infant weight at deliveryc

 < 0.01

 Small for gestational ageg

194 (9)

98 (12)

28 (8)

70 (16)

 

 Normal

1769 (83)

670 (82)

300 (82)

370 (82)

 

 Large for gestational ageg

174 (8)

47 (6)

37 (10)

10 (2)

 

Presentationc

n/a

 Cephalic

2040 (95)

815 (100)

365 (100)

450 (100)

 

 Breech

68 (3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Transverse

5 (< 1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Other malpresentation

24 (1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Onset of laborc

 < 0.01

 Spontaneous

1509 (71)

522 (64)

288 (79)

234 (52)

 

 Inductionh

628 (29)

293 (36)

77 (21)

216 (48)

 

Cesarean delivery planned

 < 0.01

 Yes

807 (38)

348 (43)

348 (95)

0 (0)

 

 No

1330 (62)

467 (57)

17 (5)

450 (100)

 

Gestational weeks at deliveryc

0.34

 < 37

199 (9)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 37–38

875 (41)

319 (39)

151 (41)

168 (37)

 

 39–40

995 (47)

458 (56)

195 (53)

263 (58)

 

 ≥ 41

68 (3)

38 (5)

19 (5)

19 (4)

 

Length of hospital stay (days)c

 < 0.01

 < 3

458 (21)

188 (23)

9 (2)

179 (40)

 

 3

820 (38)

301 (37)

142 (39)

159 (35)

 

 4–6

639 (30)

262 (32)

175 (48)

87 (19)

 

 7–13

91 (4)

33 (4)

21 (6)

12 (3)

 

 ≥ 14

52 (2)

9 (1)

5 (1)

4 (1)

 

 Unknown

77 (4)

22 (3)

13 (4)

9 (2)

 
  1. aComparing nulliparous participants with singleton, cephalic, term pregnancies who had cesarean versus vaginal deliveries
  2. bPrivate health insurance, handicap card, and others
  3. cInformation abstracted from medical records
  4. dQuestions asking about the following conditions: respiratory/lung problem; heart disease or heart condition; endocrine disorder such as thyroid problem or diabetes; blood problem such as sickle cell disease, or thalassemia; kidney or bladder disease; hepatitis, jaundice or liver disease, excluding hepatitis A and E; problem with the immune system, excluding HIV; cancer; neurologic or neuromuscular disorder; HIV infection; mental health condition such as anxiety or depression; and others
  5. eBased on 17 questions about major events or changes that may have happened to one’s life
  6. fQuestions asking about the following conditions: gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, oligohydramnios, placenta previa, heavy uterine bleeding, severe anemia, polyhydramnios, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, incompetent cervix or cervical insufficiency, intrauterine growth restriction, multiple myoma uteri, anterior vaginal cyst, uterine fibrosis, ovarian cyst, threatened abortion, premature rupture of membrane, urinary tract infection, chickenpox, anti-E positive, twin to twin transfusion, fetal beta thalassemia/hemoglobin E disease, and dead fetus in utero at 36 weeks
  7. gSmall for gestational age was defined as birth weight < 10% of the same gestational age and sex in the same population; large for gestational age was defined as birth weight > 90% of the same gestational age and sex in the same population
  8. hAll women with gestational weeks > 40 were induced
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