Table 1 Maternal characteristics at first-trimester enrollment and birth outcomes for 376 singleton deliveries in Bangladesh

Maternal Characteristics at Enrollment^b

CRP concentration > 8 mg/L

120 (36.5)

25 (53.2)

0.041*

AGP concentration > 1 g/L

121 (36.8)

26 (55.3)

0.023*

BMI (kg/m²)

0.117⁺

 Mean (SD)

21.72 (3.55)

22.65 (5.13)

 Underweight (< 18.5)

64 (19.5)

12 (25.5)

 Healthy weight (18.5–24.9)

210 (63.8)

22 (46.8)

 Overweight (25.0-29.9)

48 (14.6)

8 (17.0)

 Obese (\(\ge\)30.0

7 ( 2.1)

5 (10.6)

Age (years)

0.234

 < 18

51 (15.5)

3 (6.4)

 18–35

269 (81.8)

43 (91.5)

 > 35

9 (2.7)

1 (2.1)

Education (years)

0.102

 No Education

11 (3.3)

4 (8.5)

 1–5

60 (18.2)

13 (27.7)

 6–10

191 (58.1)

24 (51.1)

 > 10

67 (20.4)

6 (12.8)

Parity

0.013*

 0

137 (41.6)

11 (23.4)

 1–2

164 (49.8)

27 (57.4)

 > 2

28 (8.5)

9 (19.1)

Household Fuel

0.266

 Electricity/LPG

35 (10.6)

2 (4.3)

 Dung/Wood/Charcoal/Straw/

 Shrubs/Grass/Agricultural Crops

294 (89.4)

45 (95.7)

Wealth Index^c

0.174

 Poorest

65 (19.8)

11 (23.4)

 Poorer

60 (18.2)

14 (29.8)

 Middle

64 (19.5)

10 (21.3)

 Richer

68 (20.7)

7 (14.9)

 Richest

72 (21.9)

5 (10.6)

Birth Outcomes and Pregnancy Characteristics^b

Gestational Age at Birth (weeks)

< 0.001*

 Median (IQR)

40 (3.0)

35 (3.5)

Birth Weight (g)

< 0.001*

 Low Birth Weight (< 2500 g)

70 (21.3)

28 (59.6)

Baby Sex

1.000

 Male

171 (52.0)

25 (53.2)

 Female

158 (48.0)

22 (46.8)

Evidence of Maternal Hypertensive Disease

3 (0.9)

1 (2.1)

1.000

Delivery Mode

1.000

 C-Section

193 (58.7)

28 (59.6)

 Vaginal

136 (41.3)

19 (40.4)