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Table 2 Comparison of fetal cardiac morphometry findings of the patients

From: Changes in the shape and function of the fetal heart of pre- and gestational diabetes mothers

Variable

DM (N = 11)

GDM (N = 48)

Control (N = 25)

P

LV ED Area (cm2)

1.07(1.03–1.79)

1.82(1.51–2.01)#

1.56(1.07–2.02)

0.012

LV ED Length (cm)

1.72 ± 0.30

2.02 ± 0.35*#

1.79 ± 0.33

0.006

LV ES Area (cm2)

0.87(0.69–1.16)

1.22(0.99–1.39)*#

0.95(0.71–1.21)

0.004

LV ES Length (cm)

1.47 ± 0.27

1.72 ± 0.32*#

1.51 ± 0.29

0.005

LV EDV (ml)

0.72(0.56–1.26)

1.39(1.15–1.63)#

1.15(0.65–1.79)

0.009

LV ESV (ml)

0.53(0.30–0.69)

0.71(0.58–0.93)*#

0.50(0.32–0.80)

0.009

RV ED Area (cm2)

1.16(1.05–1.57)

1.80(1.43–2.18)

1.45(0.98–2.22)

0.036

RV ED Length (cm)

1.44(1.36–1.90)

1.89(1.75–2.11)

1.59(1.42–2.07)

0.029

RV ES Area (cm2)

0.91(0.66–1.04)

1.28(1.04–1.61)#

1.00(0.69–1.55)

0.010

RV ES Length (cm)

1.38 ± 0.28

1.62 ± 0.30*

1.43 ± 0.31

0.010

4CV GSI

1.26 ± 0.16

1.25 ± 0.11

1.31 ± 0.10

0.064

4CV GSI% (%)

40.46(16.46–93.85)

61.15(25.43–79.04)*

81.94(60.92–90.87)

0.049

4CV GSI ZS

1.23(0.77–1.75)

0.76(0.49–1.38)

0.91(0.49–1.33)

0.224

4CV Width ED (cm)

24.32(21.42–26.24)

27.76(25.52–31.35)*#

24.77(21.81–28.93)

0.002

4CV Length ED (cm)

30.60 ± 5.44

35.42 ± 5.41#

32.83 ± 5.73

0.018

4CV Area (mm2)

574.16(428.58-755.34)

770.53(608.92–908.40)#

619.38(488.02-845.76)

0.007

CTAR

0.27 ± 0.04

0.29 ± 0.05

0.27 ± 0.04

0.154

  1. LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle; GSI, global spherical index; ED, end-diastole; ES, end-systole; 4CV, 4 chamber view. CTAR: cardio-thoracic area ratio
  2. *Statistically significant if P < 0.05 are provided in parenthesis
  3. N: the number of fetal echocardiography results
  4. Data are given as median (interquartile range) or mean ± SD
  5. *p < 0.05 GDM vs. control; #p < 0.05 GDM vs. DM; ^p < 0.05 DM vs. control
  6. Only statistically significant results after correction for multiple comparisons if p < 0.0167 are provided in parenthesis
  7. Bold p values are significant