Table 3 Women’s characteristics and organizational factors associated with pre-labour and intrapartum caesarean delivery: bivariate analysis (QUALI-DEC)

Complication at delivery

2.2 (1.5–3.4)

< 0.001

1.7 (1.3–2.2)

< 0.001

Induction of labour

-

-

1.6 (1.1–2.2)

< 0.01

Birth weight

< 0.001

0.04

 Low (< 2500 g)

1.1 (0.4–3.2)

0.81

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

0.72

 Normal (2500-4000 g)

1

1

 Macrosomia (≥ 4000 g)

3.8 (2.1–7.0)

< 0.001

1.8 (1.1–3.0)

0.01

Nulliparity

1.7 (1.2–2.6)

< 0.01

3.2 (2.5–4.0)

< 0.001

Attending ANC in another private facility

2.0 (1.3–2.9)

0.001

1.3 (1.1–1.7)

< 0.01

Country

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Burkina Faso

1

1

 Argentina

7.9 (2.3–26.8)

0.001

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

0.17

 Thailand

14.6 (4.5–47.0)

< 0.001

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.55

 Vietnam

5.8 (1.8–19.4)

< 0.01

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

< 0.01

Marital status

 Separated/Single/Widow

0.9 (0.4–2.1)

0.85

1.0 (0.6–1.5)

0.91

Maternal age

< 0.001

0.58

 < 25 years

1

1

 25–35 years

1.6 (0.9–2.6)

0.07

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.55

 ≥ 35 years

3.0 (1.7–5.4)

< 0.001

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.59

University level of education

3.1 (2.1–4.6)

< 0.001

1.6 (1.3–2.0)

< 0.001

Urban residency

1.5 (0.9–2.4)

0.12

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

0.04

Maternal occupation

0.01

< 0.001

 Unemployed/housewife

1

1

 Employed formal sector

1.5 (0.9–2.4)

0.08

1.5 (1.2–2.0)

< 0.01

 Informal sector

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

0.21

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

0.11

Wealth index

0.08

0.06

 Poorest

1

1

 Poorer

1.5 (0.7–3.1)

0.26

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.77

 Middle

1.8 (0.9–3.6)

0.08

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

0.01

 Richer

1.9 (0.9–4.0)

0.08

1.3 (0.9–1.8)

0.21

 Richest

2.7 (1.3–5.3)

< 0.01

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.90

Status of the maternity unit

 Tertiary level of care

1.7 (1.1–2.5)

0.01

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

0.99

 Private practice in the maternity unit

2.1 (1.3–3.2)

0.001

1.5 (1.2–1.9)

< 0.001

 Teaching facility

0.6 (0.3–1.0)

0.06

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.57

 Functioning US machine in delivery ward

1.9 (1.1–3.4)

0.02

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

< 0.01

 Permanence of an anaesthetist

3.4 (2.2–5.3)

< 0.001

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

0.13

 Any individual delivery room

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

0.18

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

0.36

Workload and care capacity

 Number of births per one midwife/nurse per day

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.43

0.7 (0.6–0.9)

< 0.01

 Number of births per one obstetrician per day

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

0.42

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

0.20

 Number of births per admission bed per day

0.7 (0.6–0.9)

0.02

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.11

 Number of births per delivery bed per day

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.61

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

0.001