Table 3 Multilevel regression results of individual/household and community-level factors associated with health facility delivery

Fixed effect

 Individual/household-level variables

  Age

   15–19

Ref

Ref

   20–24

0.89 (0.71–1.12)

0.88 (0.70–1.10)

   25–29

1.21 (0.94–1.55)

1.19 (0.92–1.52)

   30–34

1.58** (1.18–2.10)

1.53** (1.14–2.04)

   35–39

1.80** (1.29–2.52)

1.73** (1.24–2.42)

   40–44

1.51* (1.03–2.20)

1.44 (0.98–2.11)

   45–49

2.13** (1.33–3.42)

2.14** (1.34–3.43)

  Education

   No education

Ref

Ref

   Primary

1.19 (0.98–1.44)

1.15 (0.95–1.39)

   Secondary/higher

1.72*** (1.38–2.13)

1.62*** (1.30–2.01)

 Marital Status

   Never in union

Ref

Ref

   Married

1.33** (1.07–1.65)

1.32** (1.06–1.64)

   Cohabitation

1.28 (0.96–1.71)

1.28 (0.96–1.70)

   Widowed

2.34*** (1.49–3.67)

2.25*** (1.43–3.55)

   Divorced

1.37* (1.05–1.80)

1.34* (1.02–1.76)

  Employment status

   Not working

Ref

Ref

   Working

0.84 (0.69–1.04)

0.86 (0.70–1.06)

  Parity

   One birth

Ref

Ref

   Two births

0.61** (0.50–0.75)

0.61** (0.50–0.75)

   Three births

0.48*** (0.37–0.62)

0.49*** (0.38–0.63)

   Four or more births

0.37*** (0.28–0.49)

0.38*** (0.29–0.51)

  Mass media

   No

Ref

Ref

   Yes

1.21* (1.03–1.42)

1.18* (1.00-1.39)

  ANC visit

   No

Ref

Ref

   1 or more

7.07*** (5.02–9.96)

6.95*** (4.95–9.77)

  Health insurance coverage

   No

Ref

Ref

   Yes

1.67 (0.98–2.84)

1.55 (0.91–2.63)

  Religion

   Christianity

Ref

Ref

   Islam

0.94 (0.53–1.68)

0.92 (0.52–1.64)

   Traditional

0.54** (0.34–0.85)

0.56* (0.35–0.89)

   No/other

0.68*** (0.55–0.83)

0.73** (0.59–0.90)

  Terminated Pregnancy

   No

Ref

Ref

   Yes

0.97 (0.81–1.15)

0.98 (0.82–1.16)

  Wealth index

   Poorest

Ref

Ref

   Poorer

1.62*** (1.32–1.99)

1.53*** (1.25–1.87)

   Middle

1.72*** (1.37–2.15)

1.53*** (1.22–1.92)

   Richer

2.50*** (1.95–3.20)

2.01*** (1.55–2.60)

   Richest

3.97*** (3.00-5.26)

2.74*** (1.99–3.77)

Community-level variables

 Problem with permission to go to the health facility

  Big problem

Ref

Ref

  Not a big problem

0.94 (0.78–1.13)

0.94 (0.78–1.13)

 Problem with money needed for treatment

  Big problem

Ref

Ref

  Not a big problem

1.27*** (1.11–1.45)

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

 Problem with distance to health facility

  Big problem

Ref

Ref

  Not a big problem

1.22* (1.04–1.43)

1.28** (1.09–1.50)

 Problem with not wanting to go to the health facility alone

  Big problem

Ref

Ref

  Not a big problem

1.11 (0.94–1.31)

1.10 (0.92–1.32)

 Place of residence

  Urban

Ref

Ref

  Rural

0.86 (0.66–1.14)

1.17 (0.88–1.56)

 Community literacy level

  Low

Ref

Ref

  Medium

1.86** (1.44–2.41)

1.16 (0.89–1.50)

  High

3.18*** (2.38–4.24)

1.54** (1.15–2.08)

 Community socioeconomic status

  Low

Ref

Ref

  Moderate

1.26 (0.87–1.82)

0.98 (0.68–1.40)

  High

3.13*** (2.35–4.16)

1.72*** (1.28–2.31)

 Random effect results

  PSU variance (95% CI)

2.14 (1.83–2.50)

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

1.01 (0.83–1.22)

0.89 (0.73–1.09)

  ICC

39.4

22.8

23.5

21.3

  Wald chi-square

Ref

721.85***

418.31***

920.90***

 Model fitness

  AIC

10,769.68

9,760.38

10,333.45

9,709.52

  BIC

10,783.96

9,967.43

10,411.98

9,980.82

N

9,315

9,315

9,315

9,315

Number of groups

649

649

649

649