Table 5 The relationship between khat chewing during pregnancy, potential mediators and fetal growth restriction of the study cohorts in eastern Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 320): A generalized structural equation modeling analysis
Model |  | β*(95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Fetal growth restriction | Khat consumption effect on gestational hypertension | 0.15 (0.06–0.24) | 0.001 |
|  | Gestational hypertension effect on FGR | 0.09 (0.011–0.11) | < 0.05 |
|  | Khat consumption effect on maternal anemia | 0.19 (0.089–0.29) | < 0.001 |
|  | Maternal anemia effect on FGR | 0.105 (0.016–0.19) | < 0.05 |
|  | Khat consumption effect on FGR before adjustment for gestational hypertension and maternal anemia | 0.43 (0.35–0.52) | < 0.001 |
|  | Khat consumption effect on FGR after adjustment for gestational hypertension and maternal anemia | 0.32 (0.24–0.43) | < 0.001 |