Table 4 Comparison of the effects of khat chewing during pregnancy on fetal growth restriction among study cohorts in eastern Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 320)
Variables | Fetal growth restriction | aRR (95%CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, No (%) | No, No (%) | |||
Khat chewing status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Chewers | 81 (85.3%) | 75 (33.3%) | 4.32 (2.62–7.12) | < 0.001 |
Non chewers | 14 (14.7%) | 150 (66.7%) | 1 | |
Age group of study participants | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<=24 years | 28 (29.5%) | 94 (41.8%) | 0.85 (0.42–1.73) | > 0.05 |
25–29 years | 35 (36.8%) | 87 (38.7%) | 1.29 (0.67–2.5) | |
30–34 years | 14 (14.7%) | 30 (13.3%) | 1.55 (0.6–3.97) | |
>=35 years | 18 (18.95%) | 14 (6.2%) | 1 | |
Participants area of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 27 (28.4%) | 149 (66.2%) | 0.46 (0.26–0.81) | < 0.05 |
Rural | 68 (71.6%) | 76 (33.8%) | 1 | |
Participants educational status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No formal education | 43 (45.3%) | 56 (24.9%) | 1.4 (0.57–3.52) | > 0.05 |
Primary education | 24 (25.3%) | 56 (24.9%) | 1.98 (0.78–5.04) | |
Secondary education | 16 (16.8%) | 57 (25.3%) | 1.2 (0.49–3.09) | |
Tertiary education | 12 (12.6%) | 56 (24.9%) | 1 | |
Participants Occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
House wife/ Homemaker | 15 (15.8%) | 53 (23.6%) | 0.93 (0.29–3.04) | > 0.05 |
Farmer | 29 (30.5%) | 61 (27.1%) | 1.16 (0.41–3.26) | |
Employee | 10 (10.5%) | 40 (17.8%) | 0.35 (0.10–1.18) | |
Merchant | 35 (36.8%) | 58 (25.8%) | 1.35 (0.48–3.75) | |
Daily laborer | 6 (6.3%) | 13 (5.8%) | 1 | |
Alcohol use during current pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 20 (21.1%) | 23 (10.2%) | 1.72 (0.89–3.27) | > 0.05 |
No | 75 (78.9%) | 202 (89.8%) | 1 | |
Cigarette smoking during current pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 14 (14.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | 2.14 (1.03–4.44) | < 0.05 |
No | 81 (85.3%) | 221 (98.2%) | 1 | |
Total ANC visits attended | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 4 ANC visits | 88 (92.6%) | 195 (86.7%) | 0.85 (0.34–2.14) | > 0.05 |
>=4 ANC visits | 7 (7.4%) | 30 (13.3%) | 1 | |
MUAC (in cm) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 23 cm | 16 (16.8%) | 30 (13.3%) | 1.12 (0.34–3.74) | > 0.05 |
23-27.9 cm | 53 (55.8%) | 86 (38.2%) | 1.19 (0.42–3.39) | |
28-32.9 cm | 17 (17.9%) | 99 (44%) | 0.77 (0.26–2.30) | |
>=33Â cm | 9 (9.5%) | 10 (4.4%) | 1 | |
BMI (in kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 18.5 | 4 (4.2%) | 4 (1.8%) | 1.43 (0.40–5.09) | > 0.05 |
18.5–24.9 | 31 (32.6%) | 121 (53.8%) | 0.83 (0.44–1.57) | |
25-29.9 | 30 (31.6%) | 80 (35.6%) | 1.95 (0.97–3.92) | |
>=30 | 30 (31.6%) | 20 (8.9%) | 1 | |
True knots in umbilical cords | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 33 (34.7%) | 10 (4.4%) | 2.35 (1.08–5.12) | < 0.05 |
No | 62 (65.3%) | 215 (95.6%) | 1 | |