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Table 3 Bivariate analysis of characteristics associated with poor physical functional status at Post-Operative Day (POD) 30

From: Functional recovery after cesarean delivery: a prospective cohort study in rural Rwanda

Variable name

 

Poor function at POD30POD

P-value*

N

n

%

 

Number with poor functional outcome, overall

548

147

26.8%

 

Demographic Characteristics

 Age, in years

   

0.25

  < 20

43

7

16.3%

 

  20–24

158

43

27.2%

 

  25–29

153

36

23.5%

 

  30–34

99

31

31.3%

 

  >  = 35

95

30

31.6%

 

 Parity (N = 547)

   

0.43

  0

217

51

23.5%

 

  1–2

229

64

28.0%

 

  3–4

63

19

30.2%

 

  > 4

38

13

34.2%

 

 Marital Status

   

0.80

  Single, separated, divorced/widow

80

19

23.8%

 

  Legally married

231

58

27.5%

 

  Cohabitating (common marriage)

255

70

27.5%

 

 Level of education

   

0.13

  Less than primary

54

13

24.1%

 

  Completed primary

359

106

29.5%

 

  Completed secondary or more

135

28

20.7%

 

 Has health insurance

   

0.18

  No

3

2

66.7%

 

  Yes

545

145

26.1%

 

 Ubudehe categories

   

0.47

  Ubudehe 1

55

11

20.0%

 

  Ubudehe 2

289

80

27.7%

 

  Ubudehe 3&4

202

56

27.7%

 

 Occupation

   

0.09

  Farmer

463

129

27.9%

 

  Employed (self, government, etc.)

67

17

25.4%

 

  Unemployed

18

1

5.6%

 

 Travel time in minutes, home to health center, Median (IQR) (N = 579)

   

0.18

  Among those with poor function

134

30

(15,60)

 

  Among those with good function

361

30

(15,60)

 

 Travel time in minutes, health center to hospital, Median (IQR) (N = 579)

   

0.10

  Among those with poor function

134

45

(10,60)

 

  Among those with good function

360

37.5

(5,60)

 

Monthly household Income in USD, Median (IQR)c

  Among those with poor function

147

37.6

(28.3,62.4)

0.05

  Among those with good function

370

45.4

(30.3,72.8)

 

Clinical Characteristics

 Had previous c-section (N = 636)

162

43

29.45%

0.95

 Reasons for surgery (N = 630)

   

0.28

  Fetal factors, no maternal factorsa

182

52

35.5%

 

  Maternal factors, no neonatal factorsb

154

33

22.6%

 

  Previous c-section only

119

33

22.6%

 

  Maternal and fetal factors

87

28

19.2%

 

 Duration of c-section surgery (in minutes)

534

  

0.07

  <  = 30

163

33

20.2%

 

   (30–45)

247

78

31.6%

 

   (45–60)

70

20

28.6%

 

   > 60

54

12

22.2%

 

 Any intraoperative complication

   

0.10

  Not reported

538

142

26.4%

 

  Yes

10

5

50%

 

 Length of hospital stay, in days

534

  

0.024

  <  = 3 days

163

33

20.3%

 

  > 3 days

371

110

29.7%

 

 Surgical c-section categories

547

  

0.74

  Emergent

32

9

28.1%

 

  Urgent

481

127

26.4%

 

  Elective

34

11

32.4%

 

 Neonatal outcomes at discharge

542

  

0.31

  Alive and discharged

487

127

26.1%

 

  Alive and admitted to NICU

41

15

36.6%

 

  Died

14

3

21.4%

 
  1. *Defined by any of the following: prior uterine scar, obstructed labor, contracted pelvis, hypertension, fever, hemorrhage, uterine rupture, placental abnormality
  2. aDefined by any of the following: Fetal distress, mal presentation, malposition, macrosomia, multiple pregnancies, cord prolapse, intrauterine growth restriction
  3. bIntraoperative complications include: Bleeding that requires transfusion, organ injury and uterine issues and difficult fetal extraction
  4. cConverted using Rwanda purchasing power parity (PPP) for 2018
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