Table 1 Summary of the included studies

Eftekhar et al. 2018 [29]

RCT, Iran, between September 2016 and January 2017

The inclusion criteria were women aged 18 to 42 years who were candidates for FET due to a poor endometrial response (endometrium thickness less than 7 mm) to conventional hormone replacement treatment on the 13th day of the cycle in FET cycles

N = 33. 0.5–1 cc intrauterine infusion of PRP with HRT

N = 33. HRT

Endometrial thickness, chemical, clinical, and ongoing pregnancy rates

Male factors, polycystic ovary syndrome, diminished ovarian reserve, tubal factors,endometrio-sis, mixed, unexplained

4–5 times more than circulating blood

13th day of HRT cycle

Frozen-thawed multiple/single, cleavage state

Nazari et al. 2019 [30]

RCT, Iran, between 2016 and 2017

The inclusion criteria were women age ≤ 38 years and body mass index ≤ 30 kg/m2 with a history of cancelled FET cycle owing to inadequate endometrial thickness (≤ 7 mm) despite standard treatments

N = 30. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP with HRT

N = 30. sham catheter with HRT

Endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy, and chemical pregnancy

Male factor, diminished ovarian reserve, tubal factor, anovulation and mixed

4–5 times more than circulating blood

On day 11–12 of the menstrual cycle

Frozen-thawed embryo transfer cleavage stage

Nazari et al. 2020 [31]

RCT, Iran, between 2016 and 2017

The inclusion criteria were age below 40 years and b BMI below 30 kg/m2 who failed to conceive after 3 or more embryo transfers with high-quality embryos and candidates for FET

N = 49. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP with HRT

N = 48. HRT

Chemical pregnancy, and clinical pregnancy

Male factor, diminished ovarian reserve, tubal factor, anovulation and mixed

4–5 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen thawed embryo transfer, blastocyst

Allahveisi et al. 2020 [17]

RCT, Iran, from 2018 to 2019

The inclusion criteria were infertile women with a history of unsuccessful implantation referred to Besat Hospital's Infertility Center in Sanandaj

N = 25. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 25. 0.5 mL intrauterine infusion of Ringer serum

Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, live birth

Male factor

Range from 411*10^3 to 1067*10^3/μL

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer

Rageh et al. 2020 [33]

RCT, Bahrain, from July 2018 to March 2019

Women aged under 40 with a BMI of less than 30 kg/m2 who failed to conceive following three or more ET with high-quality embryos

N = 75. 0.5- 1 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 75. No PRP

Chemical pregnancy

Male factor, tubal factor, polycystic ovary syndrome, unexplained

4–5 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Multiple embryo transfer, blastocyst

Zamaniyan et al. 2021 [20]

RCT, Iran, from February 2016 to January 2019

Women aged 20–40 years with a BMI of less than 30 kg/m2 and normal hysterosalpingography who were unable to become pregnant following three or more high-quality embryo transfers

N = 60. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 60. No PRP

Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, chemical pregnancy

Male factor, tubal factor, Polycystic ovary syndrome, unexplained infertility, multiple factors

4–7 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer, single or multiple, blastocyst

Zargar et al. 2021 [35]

RCT, Iran

Infertile women under the age of 41 who have had at least two IVF failures

N = 40. 1.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 40. No PRP

Implantation rate, live birth rate, miscarriages, pregnancy rate

Male factor, female factor, both

NR

48 h before Embryo transfer

Fresh or frozen embryo transfer, single or multiple

Ershadi et al. 2022 [16]

RCT, Iran, 2019

Infertile women visiting this hospital's infertility clinic under the age of 40 and having a history of two to three IVF failures

N = 45. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP with HRT

N = 45. HRT

The rate of implantation, chemical and clinical pregnancies, miscarriage

NR

4–5 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer, multiple/single

Safdarian et al. 2022 [34]

RCT, Iran, from October 2017 to April2020

Women between the ages of 20 and 40 who are infertile.and were eligible for FET after failing to conceive following three or more ET using high-quality embryos and having at least one frozen good-quality blastocyst-stage embryo

N = 60. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 60. No PRP

Implantation rate, live birth, clinical pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, miscarriage

Male factor, female factor, mixed

4–5 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer. Single or multiple, blastocyst

Nazari et al. 2022 a [15]

RCT, Iran, between 2018 and 2020

Women who had a history of failure to achieve pregnancy following three or more embryo transfers with high-quality embryos. age between 18 and 38, a BMI of 30 kg/m2, and a serum FSH level of 10 mIU/ml on day 2 or 3 of the menstrual cycle

N = 196. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP with standard treatment

N = 197. standard treatment

The rates of chemical and clinical pregnancy

NR

4–5 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo Transfer, blastocyst transfer, Multiple

Nazari et al. 2022 b [32]

RCT, Iran, from December 2019 to August 2020

Women aged below 40 years with two or more pregnancy losses before 20 weeks of gestation who were candidates for ICSI,and had BMI of 20–30 kg/m2

N = 20. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP with standard treatment

N = 20. standard treatment

Ongoing pregnancy, live birth rate, clinical pregnancy, chemical pregnancy, miscarriage rate

Male factor, poly cystic ovary and unexplained

4–5 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Fresh embryo transfer, one or two blastocyst embryos

Dzhincharadze et al. 2021 [28]

Non-RCT, Russia

Women aged 20–42 years with body mass index: 18–30 kg/m2,with regular menstrual cycle,normal uterine cavity confirmed by hysteroscopy, history of cancelled embryo transfer due to thin endometrium, infertility due to tubal and/or male factor and/or external genital endometriosis; idiopathic infertility, at least 3 vitrified blastocysts with excellent quality; good quality and/or average quality,

N = 37. 5–7 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP with cyclic hormone therapy

N = 17. cyclic hormone therapy

Endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy

Male factors, poor ovarian reserve, tubal factors, combined and other

4–5 times more than circulating blood

8–9, 10–11, and 12–13 days of the menstrual cycle

Frozen-thawed embryo transfer

Tehraninejad et al. 2021 [18]

Non-RCT, Iran, from 2016 to 2018

RIF patients with endometrial thickness more than or equal to 7 mm

N = 42. 1 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 20. No PRP

Ongoing pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, chemical pregnancy

Male factor, female factor, unexplained

4–5 times more than circulating blood

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer, multiple, blastocyst

Abou-El-Naga et al. 2022 [26]

Non-RCT, Egypt, from August 2020 to June

Women a history of RIF who had a BMI of 30 kg/m2, aged 18–40 years, and submitted to fresh embryo transfers with good embryos

N = 20. 0.5 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 43. No PRP

Endometrial expansion, chemical and clinical pregnancies

NR

1036.7 ± 136.2 (Mean ± SD)

48 h before Embryo transfer

Fresh embryo transfer

Chang et al. 2019 [27]

Prospective cohort, China, from July 2015 to July 2016

Patients with thin endometrium going to receive FET and had at least 2 frozen good-quality blastocyst-stage embryos, who were younger than 40 years with a basal serum FSH < 10 IU/L. with a history of cancelled ET due to thin endometrium (< 7 mm) in HRT cycles, they had no history of hematological disorders, no intrauterine adhesion in the diagnostic hysteroscopy, no submucosal uterine myoma or endometrial polyps

N = 34. 0.5- 1 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 30. No PRP

Endometrial thickness, implantation rate, and clinical pregnancy rate

Polycystic ovary syndrome, pelvic or tubal factors, endometriosis or adenomyosis and other causes

889.42 ± 64.41 × 10^3/μL (Mean ± SD)

NR

Frozen embryo transfer. Blastocyst-stage embryo

Coksuer et al. 2019 [19]

Retrospective cohort, Turkey, between January 2014 and January 2017

Patients with body mass index between 18 and 28, aged between 21 and 39 with history of RIF, normal hysteroscopy results, normal karyotype of both couple, a regular menstrual cycle, evidence of ovulation,, normal tubal patency, normal sperm parameters, with no systemic immunologic, endocrine disease or thrombophilia, having three blastocyst FET and could not achieve optimal endometrium lining which was < 7 mm despite appropriate estradiol valerate therapy

N = 34. 1 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 36. No PRP

Clinical pregnancy, live birth, endometrial thickness, chemical pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy

NR

992.45 ± 212.85 10^3 cell/mL. (Mean ± SD)

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer

Noushin et al. 2021 [13]

Observational prospective cohort, India, from March 2019 to May 2020

Women under the age of 40 with a history of RIF undergoing frozen embryo transfer

N = 109. 1 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 154. No PRP

Ongoing pregnancy, live birth rate, clinical pregnancy, chemical pregnancy, miscarriage rate

NR

1,254,770 ± 123,555 (Mean ± SD)

3–7 days before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer, multiple, cleavage-/ blastocyst-stage

Xu et al. 2022 [14]

Retrospective cohort, China, from October 2019 to January 2021

Patients aged 23 to 40 with good-quality embryos who had three or more successive unsuccessful embryo implantations

N = 138. 1 ml intrauterine infusion of PRP

N = 150. No PRP

Implantation rate, live birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate

Male factor, tubal factor, Polycystic ovary syndrome, others

513.45 ± 322.18 × 10^9/L (Mean ± SD)

48 h before Embryo transfer

Frozen embryo transfer. Single or multiple, blastocyst cleavage stage

Abduljabbar et al. 2022 [36]

RCT, Saudi Arabia, from September 2020, to May 1,

2021

Subjects undergoing IVF/ICSI-frozen embryo transfer (FET) with repeated failures, age between 18 and 44 years, type of infertility eligible for

IVF/ICSI, and endometrial thicknesses between 0.4 and 0.7 cm

N = 35

0.5 mL of PRP

was infused into the uterine cavity

N = 35

No PRP

endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy

Male factor,Unexplained, Ovulatory factor, Endometriosis, Tubal factor

NA

after oocyte pickup

cleaveage, and blastocyst

Baybordi et al. 2022 [38]

RCT, Iran between May 2017 to December 2019

women of childbearing age

with a history of RIF during ART treatments

N = 48

0.5–1 ml of PRP

N = 46

No PRP

chemical, clinical pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, abortion, live birth

NA

NA

48 h before embryo transfer

blastocyst

Yuan et al. 2022 [40]

retrospective cohort, China from January 2019 to December 2021

patients who had 3 or more embryo transfers with at least 4 high-quality embryos (All patients received fresh embryo transfer), but failed to achieve clinical pregnancy, patients with an age of 25 to 40 years old, patients without endometrial mass and the thickness of endometrium was 7–14 mm, and patients with negative blocking antibody in peripheral blood

N = 34

about 1.5 mL

N = 30

No PRP

The FSH, LH, and E2. Uterine artery pulsation index (PI) and uterine artery resistance index, embryo implantation, clinical pregnancy rate

tubal, ovarian, others

approximately 4 to 5 times the concentration of circulating blood

NA

fresh embryo transfer

Ban et al. 2023 [37]

A Retrospective Cohort Study, China, from January 2019 to December 2021

failure of clinical pregnancy after 3 ET cycles

with at least 4 good-quality cleavage-/blastocyst-stage embryos; women with RIF aged

 < 40 years undergoing FET; endometrium thickness 8 mm; tubal factor infertility

N = 64

1 mL of autologous LP-PRP in the syringe connected to the ET catheter was infused into the uterine cavity

N = 54

No PRP

serum beta hCG clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), live birth rate (LBR), and

miscarriage rate (MR)

tubal, ovarian, unexplained,

NA

two days before ET

FET, blastocyst- or cleavage-

Pourkaveh et al. 2022 [39]

RCT, Iran between March and December of 2018

RIF patient who underwent FET aged below 40 years and (BMI) below 30 kg/m2

N = 11

0.5 ml of PRP was infused into the uterine cavity with the ET Catheter

N = 9

No PRP

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), clinical pregnancy

NA

platelets at about 4–5 times higher in concentration

48 h before ET

FET