Table 3 Multinominal regression analysis of factors associated with utilization of ANC services and adequacy of ANC quality among women in their previous pregnancy in India, NFHS 5 (2019-21) (N = 152,347)

Age

< 20

1

1

1

1

20–30

1.03(0.96,1.11)

0.88 (0.81,0.96)

1.07 (0.98,1.17)

0.87 (0.79,0.95)

31–49

1.00 (0.92,1.09)

0.73 (0.66,0.80)

1.02 (0.93,1.12)

0.75 (0.67,0.82)

Marital Status

Unmarried

1

1

1

1

Married

0.39 (0.22,0.67)

0.33 (0.16,0.67)

0.54 (0.31,0.94)

0.54 (0.30,0.96)

Widowed/Separated/ Divorced

0.46 (0.25,0.83)

0.40 (0.19,0.85)

0.62 (0.34,1.11)

0.61 (0.33,1.13)

Highest educational level

No education

1

1

1

1

Primary

0.59 (0.56,0.63)

0.73 (0.69, 0.78)

0.90 (0.94,0.97)

0.93 (0.86,1.00)

Secondary

0.36 (0.34,0.38)

0.61 (0.58,0.65)

0.80 (0.76,0.84)

0.87 (0.81,0.92)

Higher

0.21 (0.19,0.22)

0.54 (0.49,0.59)

0.69 (0.64,0.74)

0.86 (0.79,0.93)

Lifestyle factors

Mass media exposure frequency

No exposure

1

1

1

1

Any exposure

0.37 (0.35,0.38)

0.69 (0.66,0.73)

0.84 (0.80,0.88)

0.88 (0.84,0.94)

Household Characteristics

Religion

Hindu

1

1

1

1

Muslim

1.05 (0.98,1.13)

1.02 (0.95,1.11)

0.99 (0.92,1.05)

0.99 (0.92,1.06)

Other

0.63 (0.57,0.70)

1.00 (0.89,1.11)

0.93 (0.84,1.02)

0.98 (0.87,1.08)

Caste

SC

1.65 (1.53,1.78)

1.22 (1.13,1.31)

0.95 (0.88,1.02)

0.92 (0.85,0.98)

ST

1.19 (1.09,1.30)

0.79 (0.72,0.87)

0.93 (0.85,1.01)

0.83 (0.76,0.91)

OBC

1.48 (1.38,1.58)

1.29 (1.21,1.38)

0.98 (0.92,1.04)

0.98 (0.92,1.05)

Non-SC/ST/OBC

1

1

1

1

Health Insurance

Yes

0.64 (0.60,0.67)

0.71 (0.68,0.75)

0.85 (0.81,0.89)

0.83 (0.79,0.87)

No

1

1

1

1

Type of Residence

Urban

1

1

1

1

Rural

2.03 (1.88,2.19)

1.19 (1.09,1.30)

1.03 (0.97,1.10)

0.98 (0.92,1.05)

Region

North

1

1

1

1

Central

1.62 (1.50,1.74)

1.12 (1.03,1.20)

0.88 (0.83,0.94)

0.76 (0.71,0.82)

East

1.67 (1.54,1.82)

1.09 (1.01,1.19)

0.69 (0.64,0.74)

0.58 (0.54,0.63)

Northeast

0.88 (0.79,0.97)

0.61 (0.54,0.68)

0.64 (0.59,0.70)

0.66 (0.60,0.74)

West

0.54 (0.48,0.61)

0.49 (0.43,0.55)

1.32 (1.22,1.44)

1.23 (1.13,1.34)

South

0.36 (0.33,0.40)

0.35 (0.31,0.39)

0.79 (0.74,0.85)

0.79 (0.73,0.85)

Wealth index

Poorest

1

1

1

1

Poorer

0.63 (0.59,0.66)

0.84 (0.79,0.89)

0.98 (0.93,1.04)

0.97 (0.91,1.03)

Middle

0.44 (0.42,0.47)

0.79 (0.74,0.84)

1.00 (0.94,1.07)

0.97 (0.90,1.05)

Richer

0.32 (0.30,0.34)

0.68 (0.63,0.74)

0.95 (0.89,1.01)

0.89 (0.82,0.97)

Richest

0.21 (0.19,0.23)

0.52 (0.47,0.58)

0.84 (0.78,0.90)

0.81 (0.73,0.90)

Pregnancy intended

Yes

0.50 (0.46,0.53)

0.62 (0.58,0.66)

0.67 (0.62,0.72)

0.70 (0.65,0.75)

No

1

1

1

1

Parity

1

1

1

1

1

> 2

2.05 (1.97,2.14)

1.69 (1.60,1.78)

1.46(1.40,1.52)

1.43 (1.36,1.51)

ANC Provider

Doctor

1

1

1

1

Other qualified health professionals^#

1.33 (1.26,1.41)

0.93 (0.87,0.98)

0.93 (0.87,0.99)

0.93 (0.87,0.99)

Frontline Health worker^##

1.36 (1.28,1.45)

0.73 (0.69,0.77)

0.92 (0.87,0.98)

0.92 (0.86,0.98)

Distance to health facility

No problem

1

1

1

1

Big problem

1.68 (1.59,1.78)

1.14 (1.07,1.21)

1.17 (1.11,1.24)

1.13 (1.07,1.20)

Not a big problem

1.40 (1.34,1.48)

1.11 (1.05,1.17)

1.12 (1.07,1.18)

1.10 (1.04,1.16)