Table 1 Distribution of quality of utilization of ANC services by women belonging to the reproductive age group during their last pregnancy, NFHS-5 (2019-21)
|  | Inadequate quality and < 4 ANC visits (n = 24,423) | Inadequate Quality and ≥ 4 ANC visits (n = 23,144) | Adequate Quality (n = 113,930) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
< 20 | 1608 (6.79) | 1351 (6.59) | 7225 (6.97) |
20–30 | 17,084 (72.04) | 16,285 (72.56) | 79,981 (71.45) |
31–49 | 5731 (21.17) | 5508 (20.89) | 26,724 (21.59) |
Marital Status (N = 175,240) |  |  |  |
Unmarried | 42 (0.16) | 41 (0.12) | 147 (0.06) |
Married | 23,981 (98.57) | 22,782 (98.66) | 112,192 (98.87) |
Widowed/Separated/ Divorced | 400 (1.27) | 321 (1.22) | 1591 (1.07) |
Highest educational level (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
No education | 7774 (33.27) | 4603 (18.33) | 18,613 (15.02) |
Primary | 3650 (14.33) | 2892 (12.07) | 12,962 (10.96) |
Secondary | 10,961 (43.30) | 12,373 (52.84) | 62,625 (54.14) |
Higher | 2038 (9.10) | 3276 (16.75) | 19,730 (19.88) |
Husband’s education (N = 24,569) |  |  |  |
No education | 834 (22.83) | 512 (12.70) | 1956 (10.62) |
Primary | 611 (16.06) | 403 (11.99) | 2015 (11.98) |
Secondary | 1872 (49.05) | 2002 (55.78) | 10,079 (55.46) |
Higher | 482 (12.05) | 590 (19.54) | 3267 (19.93) |
Respondents Occupation (N = 24,670) |  |  |  |
Working | 979 (21.73) | 874 (22.66) | 4383 (21.84) |
Not working | 2786 (78.27) | 2645 (77.34) | 13,003 (78.16) |
Lifestyle factors | Â | Â | Â |
Mass media exposure frequency (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
No exposure | 10,249 (42.87) | 6014 (24.58) | 25,970 (21.55) |
Any exposure | 14,174 (57.13) | 17,130 (75.42) | 87,960 (78.45) |
Drinks alcohol (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Yes | 364 (0.53) | 302 (0.54) | 1806 (0.55) |
No | 24,059 (99.47) | 22,842 (99.46) | 112,124 (99.45) |
Tobacco consumption (Smoking/Smokeless) (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Yes | 22,806 (96.35) | 21,663 (96.69) | 107,454 (97.03) |
No | 1617 (3.65) | 1481 (3.31) | 6476 (2.97) |
Household Characteristics | Â | Â | Â |
Religion (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Hindu | 17,802 (80.59) | 16,800 (80.27) | 86,046 (79.83) |
Muslim | 3589 (16.41) | 3628 (15.35) | 15,735 (15.47) |
Other | 3032 (3,00) | 2716 (4.38) | 12,149 (4.70) |
Caste (N = 152,521) |  |  |  |
SC | 5676 (27.77) | 4432 (22.77) | 22,218 (23.33) |
ST | 4744 (9.11) | 4408 (10.18) | 21,574 (10.64) |
OBC | 9766 (48.18) | 8702 (45.65) | 43,851 (45.27) |
Non-SC/ST/OBC | 3104 (14.94) | 4254 (21.41) | 19,792 (20.76) |
Health Insurance (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Yes | 5450 (18.18) | 6363 (22.92) | 33,523 (25.88) |
No | 18,973 (81.82) | 16,781 (77.08) | 80,407 (74.12) |
Type of Residence (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Urban | 3451 (17.90) | 5247 (29.99) | 26,698 (30.69) |
Rural | 20,972 (82.10) | 17,897 (70.01) | 87,232 (69.31) |
Region (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
North | 3761 (12.20) | 5407 (15.54) | 22,016 (14.71) |
South | 1328 (6.48) | 3274 (17.95) | 17,239 (20.02) |
Central | 7820 (36.69) | 5368 (25.45) | 27,796 (25.48) |
East | 6699 (35.00) | 3074 (18.36) | 19,791 (23.49) |
West | 1074 (6.27) | 3039 (19.57) | 10,625 (12.99) |
Northeast | 3741 (3.36) | 2982 (3.13) | 16,463 (4.31) |
Wealth index (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Poorest | 9180 (36.32) | 5118 (19.46) | 24,377 (18.56) |
Poor | 6314 (24.71) | 5277 (20.81) | 25,214 (20.19) |
Middle | 4203 (17.59) | 4920 (21.33) | 23,164 (20.26) |
Richer | 2941 (13.11) | 4391 (20.81) | 21,924 (20.99) |
Richest | 1785 (8.28) | 3438 (17.59) | 19,251 (19.99) |
Pregnancy intended (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Yes | 21,705 (88.08) | 21,166 (90.85) | 107,183 (93.73) |
No | 2718 (11.92) | 1978 (9.15) | 6747 (6.28) |
Parity (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
1 | 5869 (23.59) | 6715 (30.28) | 43,422 (38.77) |
> 2 | 18,554 (76.41) | 16,429 (69.72) | 70,508 (61.23) |
Registration of pregnancy (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Yes | 22,345 (90.93) | 22,104 (94.71) | 110,645 (96.77) |
No | 2078 (9.07) | 1040 (5.29) | 3285 (3.23) |
Timing of first ANC (N = 161,278) |  |  |  |
First trimester | 14,865 (60.09) | 17,772 (77.02) | 88,595 (77.42) |
Second trimester | 7680 (31.86) | 4307 (18.11) | 20,690 (17.97) |
Third trimester onwards | 1794 (8.05) | 1014 (4.88) | 4561 (4.60) |
Health Facility generally visited (N = 86,472) |  |  |  |
Public | 7795 (63.29) | 8900 (65.98) | 46,408 (68.00) |
Private | 3151 (35.56) | 3274 (32.95) | 16,342 (31.32) |
Other | 102 (1.15) | 109 (1.07) | 391 (0.68) |
ANC Provider (N = 161,313) |  |  |  |
Doctor | 5836 (23.14) | 7002 (30.42) | 31,954 (28.85) |
Other qualified health professionals* | 10,316 (40.96) | 8951 (37.73) | 44,654 (38.38) |
Frontline Health worker** | 8226 (35.89) | 7139 (31.85) | 37,235 (32.78) |
Received health checks during pregnancy (N = 118,644) |  |  |  |
Yes | 13,153 (84.97) | 13,967 (89.75) | 78,138 (91.40) |
No | 2618 (15.03) | 1903 (10.25) | 8865 (8.60) |
Told about Pregnancy complications at ANC (N = 161,497) |  |  |  |
Yes | 15,452 (61.85) | 17,653 (74.20) | 92,900 (80.79) |
No | 8971 (38.15) | 5491 (25.80) | 21,030 (19.21) |
Received counselling regarding health and nutrition (N = 99,121) |  |  |  |
Yes | 8206 (67.05) | 9756 (73.27) | 56,717 (77.72) |
No | 3990 (32.95) | 3704 (26.73) | 16,748 (22.28) |
Distance to health facility | Â | Â | Â |
No Problem | 7473 (33.55) | 8672 (40.08) | 45,509 (43.33) |
Big Problem | 8064 (29.36) | 6326 (24.46) | 28,666 (22.54) |
Not a Big Problem | 8886 (37.10) | 8146 (35.46) | 39,755 (34.13) |