Table 1 Baseline patient-level and hospital characteristics of the study population by Race/Ethnicity (2016–2019)
Characteristic | Overall n = 13,848,131 (100%) | White n = 7,315,524 (52.8%) | Black n = 2,062,880 (14.9%) | Hispanic n = 2,851,338 (20.6%) | Asian and Pacific Islander n = 877,014 (6.3%) | Native American n = 101,480 (0.7%) | Others n = 639,895 (4.6%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 29.1 (0.02) | 29.4 (0.03) | 27.8 (0.03) | 28.4 (0.02) | 31.5 (0.04) | 27.7 (0.06) | 29.5 (0.05) |
Age group, n (%) | |||||||
18–24 | 3,284,163 (23.7) | 1,516,038 (20.7) | 672,910 (32.6) | 845,519 (29.7) | 76,225 (8.7) | 32,505 (32.0) | 140,965 (22.0) |
25–34 | 4,058,922 (29.3) | 2,171,093 (29.7) | 630,100 (30.5) | 827,510 (29.0) | 217,750 (24.8) | 31,345 (30.9) | 181,125 (28.3) |
35–44 | 3,997,258 (28.9) | 2,304,968 (31.5) | 456,655 (22.1) | 687,185 (24.1) | 337,365 (38.5) | 23,945 (23.6) | 187,140 (29.3) |
≥ 45 | 2,507,789 (18.1) | 1,323,424 (18.1) | 303,215 (14.7) | 491,125 (17.2) | 245,675 (28.0) | 13,685 (13.5) | 130,665 (20.4) |
Year, n (%) | |||||||
2016 | 3,494,141 (25.2) | 1,860,423 (25.4) | 511,465 (24.8) | 713,849 (25.0) | 221,745 (25.3) | 26,120 (25.7) | 160,540 (25.1) |
2017 | 3,462,191 (25.0) | 1,815,368 (24.8) | 522,760 (25.3) | 711,469 (25.0) | 223,260 (25.5) | 24,985 (24.6) | 164,350 (25.7) |
2018 | 3,460,769 (25.0) | 1,827,409 (25.0) | 510,195 (24.7) | 717,535 (25.2) | 217,220 (24.8) | 24,850 (24.5) | 163,560 (25.6) |
2019 | 3,431,029 (24.8) | 1,812,324 (24.8) | 518,460 (25.1) | 708,485 (24.8) | 214,790 (24.5) | 25,525 (25.2) | 151,445 (23.7) |
Type of admission, n (%) | |||||||
Non-elective | 6,933,867 (50.2) | 3,272,828 (44.8) | 1,149,560 (55.8) | 1,636,354 (57.5) | 492,240 (56.2) | 48,965 (48.3) | 333,920 (52.3) |
Elective | 6,887,564 (49.8) | 4,026,946 (55.2) | 909,485 (44.2) | 1,210,514 (42.5) | 383,590 (43.8) | 52,365 (51.7) | 304,665 (47.7) |
Median household income for patient's ZIP Code, n (%) | |||||||
≤ $43,999 | 3,861,223 (28.1) | 1,550,408 (21.4) | 1,004,945 (49.1) | 1,001,060 (35.6) | 105,720 (12.1) | 39,535 (41.2) | 159,555 (25.2) |
$44,000–55,999 | 3,435,687 (25.0) | 1,901,388 (26.2) | 476,895 (23.3) | 751,019 (26.7) | 137,545 (15.8) | 24,750 (25.8) | 144,090 (22.7) |
$56,000–73,999 | 3,394,883 (24.7) | 1,977,818 (27.2) | 356,140 (17.4) | 666,940 (23.7) | 217,910 (25.0) | 18,660 (19.4) | 157,415 (24.8) |
≥ $74,000 | 3,027,638 (22.1) | 1,828,869 (25.2) | 209,275 (10.2) | 394,060 (14.0) | 409,620 (47.0) | 13,075 (13.6) | 172,740 (27.3) |
Expected primary payer, n (%) | |||||||
Medicare | 100,620 (0.7) | 51,095 (0.7) | 29,215 (1.4) | 12,655 (0.4) | 2,650 (0.3) | 675 (0.7) | 4,330 (0.7) |
Medicaid | 5,878,861 (42.5) | 2,212,673 (30.3) | 1,294,470 (62.8) | 1,776,279 (62.4) | 229,865 (26.2) | 63,455 (62.8) | 302,120 (47.2) |
Private insurance | 7,113,180 (51.4) | 4,685,662 (64.1) | 644,670 (31.3) | 891,344 (31.3) | 570,170 (65.0) | 31,570 (31.3) | 289,765 (45.3) |
Self-pay | 361,460 (2.6) | 119,250 (1.6) | 44,665 (2.2) | 115,705 (4.1) | 54,550 (6.2) | 2,275 (2.3) | 25,015 (3.9) |
No charge | 9,250 (0.1) | 2,140 (0.0) | 1,820 (0.1) | 3,990 (0.1) | 335 (0.0) | 30 (0.0) | 935 (0.1) |
Other | 369,885 (2.7) | 235,715 (3.2) | 46,205 (2.2) | 48,695 (1.7) | 19,025 (2.2) | 2,980 (3.0) | 17,265 (2.7) |
Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, n (%) | |||||||
0 | 10,297,716 (74.3) | 5,399,000 (73.8) | 1,408,050 (68.3) | 2,213,289 (77.6) | 707,999 (80.7) | 67,515 (66.5) | 499,995 (78.1) |
1 | 2,772,464 (20.0) | 1,488,304 (20.3) | 490,325 (23.8) | 513,285 (18.0) | 141,820 (16.2) | 24,830 (24.5) | 113,900 (17.8) |
2 | 624,680 (4.5) | 343,850 (4.7) | 128,355 (6.2) | 101,440 (3.6) | 22,610 (2.6) | 6,950 (6.8) | 21,475 (3.4) |
≥ 3 | 155,140 (1.1) | 84,370 (1.2) | 36,150 (1.8) | 23,325 (0.8) | 4,585 (0.5) | 2,185 (2.2) | 4,525 (0.7) |
Bedsize of hospital, n (%) | |||||||
Small | 2,601,325 (18.8) | 1,490,001 (20.4) | 350,715 (17.0) | 486,459 (17.1) | 144,045 (16.4) | 22,810 (22.5) | 107,295 (16.8) |
Medium | 4,228,524 (30.5) | 2,170,397 (29.7) | 648,485 (31.4) | 895,349 (31.4) | 262,440 (29.9) | 27,100 (26.7) | 224,755 (35.1) |
Large | 7,018,282 (50.7) | 3,655,126 (50.0) | 1,063,680 (51.6) | 1,469,530 (51.5) | 470,530 (53.7) | 51,570 (50.8) | 307,845 (48.1) |
Location/teaching status of hospital, n (%) | |||||||
Rural | 1,227,361 (8.9) | 910,332 (12.4) | 123,345 (6.0) | 121,884 (4.3) | 19,690 (2.2) | 29,680 (29.2) | 22,430 (3.5) |
Urban nonteaching | 2,907,618 (21.0) | 1,611,223 (22.0) | 318,905 (15.5) | 639,980 (22.4) | 182,095 (20.8) | 16,250 (16.0) | 139,165 (21.7) |
Urban teaching | 9,713,152 (70.1) | 4,793,968 (65.5) | 1,620,630 (78.6) | 2,089,474 (73.3) | 675,230 (77.0) | 55,550 (54.7) | 478,300 (74.7) |
Region of hospital, n (%) | |||||||
Northeast | 2,262,905 (16.3) | 1,254,900 (17.2) | 296,345 (14.4) | 369,285 (13.0) | 168,740 (19.2) | 6,265 (6.2) | 167,370 (26.2) |
Midwest | 2,806,597 (20.3) | 1,953,358 (26.7) | 411,495 (19.9) | 232,965 (8.2) | 110,165 (12.6) | 20,480 (20.2) | 78,135 (12.2) |
South | 5,512,178 (39.8) | 2,736,384 (37.4) | 1,179,675 (57.2) | 1,094,250 (38.4) | 192,535 (22.0) | 28,015 (27.6) | 281,320 (44.0) |
West | 3,266,450 (23.6) | 1,370,882 (18.7) | 175,365 (8.5) | 1,154,839 (40.5) | 405,574 (46.2) | 46,720 (46.0) | 113,070 (17.7) |
Retained placenta, n (per 100,000) | 108,035 (780) | 60,794 (831) | 14,065 (682) | 19,845 (696) | 7,490 (854) | 1,455 (1,434) | 4,385 (685) |
Mortality, n (per 100,000) | 815 (59) | 335 (46) | 180 (87) | 160 (56) | 80 (91) | 20 (197) | 40 (63) |
Length of stay, mean (SD), days | 2.6 (0.01) | 2.6 (0.01) | 2.9 (0.01) | 2.6 (0.01) | 2.7 (0.01) | 2.6 (0.03) | 2.7 (0.01) |
Total hospitalization cost, mean (SD), $ | 5,936.1 (38.2) | 5,499.6 (34.0) | 6,285.3 (54.8) | 6,495.6 (59.1) | 6,806.2 (97.2) | 5,112.5 (80.3) | 6,284.9 (80.7) |