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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of included participants

From: Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of different treatments in reducing amniocentesis-associated pain and anxiety

Study ID

Type of intervention

Number of participants in each group

Age (Years), M (SD)

Weight (Kg), M (SD)

Height (m), M (SD)

BMI (Kg/m2), M(SD)

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Melcer 2021 [15]

VR

30

30

34.9 (4.9)

36.7 (3.3)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mohammadifard 2021 [16]

H7_Acupressure

27

29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rekawek 2019 [18]

Lidocaine_injection

63

57

36.14 (4.87)

35.6 (4.91)

-

-

-

-

24.38 (4.82)

24.22 (5.34)

Pongrojpaw 2007 [19]

Lidocaine_prilocaine_cream

60

60

36.8 (3.79)

36.9 (3.41)

-

-

-

-

24.4 (4.2)

24.1 (3.6)

Tuaktaew 2018 [17]

Paracetamol

117

116

36.26 (3.78)

36.01 (4.66)

-

-

-

-

24.93 (3.81)

24.99 (4.98)

Schoubroeck 2000 [24]

Lidocaine_injection

114

106

34.1 (3.9)

33 (4.6)

62.7 (12.1)

67.7 (13)

-

-

-

-

Wax 2005 [25]

Subfreezing_temperature_needle

29

33

34.4 (6.1)

35.6 (3.6)

69 (15.3)

74.7 (18.1)

1.667 (0.071)

1.651 (0.071)

-

-

Telapol 2018 [26]

Ethyl_chloride

74

74

37.80 (2.83)

37.35 (2.54)

60.01 (10.59)

60.75 (10.34)

1.57 (0.0524)

1.59 (0.0605)

24.34 (4.07)

24.11 (3.82)

Benchahong 2021 [27]

Ice_gel_pack_before_AC

120

120

36.85 (3.07)

36.48 (3.71)

62 (10.07)

61.75 (10.73)

1.57 (5.8)

1.58 (5.47)

24.87 (3.61)

24.73 (4.16)

Ice_gel_pack_after_AC

120

36.8 (3.72)

62.36 (11.28)

1.58 (5.8)

24.6 (4.27)

Ice_gel_pack_before_after_AC

120

37.07 (3.07)

60.4 (11.28)

1.57 (5.47)

24.26 (4.38)

Elimian 2013 [28]

Lidocaine_injection

36

40

31.3 (6.5)

30.1 (7.5)

75.8 (14)

77.2 (17.1)

1.65 (0.06)

1.66 (0.08)

-

-

Fischer 2000 [29]

Effleurage

103

97

33.3 (5.2)

34.4 (5.3)

71.2 (13.6)

71.1 (17)

-

-

27 (5.1)

26 (5.8)

Gordon 2007 [30]

Lidocaine_injection

101

103

33.7 (5.7)

33.3 (5.9)

71.4 (11.3)

72.5 (15.4)

1.63 (0.07)

1.62 (0.07)

26.4 (3.8)

27.3 (5.1)

Hanprasertpong 2012 [31]

Ice_gel_pack_before_AC

184

188

37.3 (2.51)

37.1 (2.47)

-

-

-

-

24.3 (3.8)

24.4 (4.12)

Hanprasertpong 2015 [32]

Menthol

158

159

37.1 (2.1)

37.54 (2.57)

-

-

-

-

24.1 (4)

23.7 (3.5)

Hanprasertpong 2016 [20]

Music

161

171

37.4 (2.5)

37.1 (2.37)

-

-

-

-

25.27 (4.33)

24.8 (4.26)

Katsogiannou 2018 [33]

Nitrous_oxide

93

90

37.7 (0.54)

34.27 (0.64)

-

-

-

-

24.23 (0.57)

22.93 (0.5)

Kuemanee 2021 [34]

Ice_gel_pack_before_AC

120

120

36.8 (3.7)

36.5 (3.9)

-

-

-

-

24.9 (4.2)

24.7 (4.1)

Homkrun 2019 [35]

Xylocaine

191

379

36 (3)

36 (3)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Kang 2020 [36]

Psychological_intervention

48

52

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mojahed 2021 [37]

Education

40

40

32.9 (5.85)

34 (5.5)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Study ID

Occupation, n (%)

Education, n (%)

Housewife

Business owner

Government officer

Agriculture

Other

Less than high school

high school

Bachelor’s degree (collage)

Higher than bachelor’s degree

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Melcer 2021 [15]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mohammadifard 2021 [16]

22 (81.5%)

25 (86.2%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

5 (18.5%)

4 (13.7%)

8 (29.6%)

4 (13.8%)

7 (25.9%)

14 (48.3%)

12 (44.4%)

11 (37.9%)

-

-

Rekawek 2019 [18]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5 (7.9%)

4 (7.4%)

46 (73%)

40 (74.1%)

12 (19.1%)

10 (18.5%)

Pongrojpaw 2007 [19]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tuaktaew 2018 [17]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Schoubroeck 2000 [24]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wax 2005 [25]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Telapol 2018 [26]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Benchahong 2021 [27]

16 (13.3%)

9 (7.5%)

21 (17.5%)

15 (12.5%)

13 (10.8%)

19 (15.8%)

-

-

70 (58.3%)

77 (64.2%)

26 (21.7%)

30 (25%)

37 (30.8%)

38 (31.7%)

50 (41.7%)

40 (33.3%)

7 (5.8%)

12 (10%)

11 (9.2%)

18 (15%)

14 (11.7%)

-

-

77 (64.2%)

27 (22.5%)

37 (30.8%)

49 (40.8%)

7 (5.8%)

10 (8.3%)

15 (12.5%)

12 (10%)

-

-

83 (69.2%)

29 (24.2%)

35 (29.2%)

50 (41.7%)

6 (5%)

Elimian 2013 [28]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4 (11.11%)

5 (12.5%)

14 (38.89%)

17 (42.5%)

18 (50%)

17 (42.5%)

-

-

Fischer 2000 [29]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gordon 2007 [30]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2012 [31]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2015 [32]

26 (16.46%)

23 (14.47%)

-

-

42 (26.58%)

38 (23.90%)

13 (8.23%)

12 (7.55%)

77 (48.73%)

86 (54.09%)

-

-

59 (37.34%)

62 (38.99%)

98 (62.03%)

94 (59.12%)

1 (0.63%)

3 (1.89%)

Hanprasertpong 2016 [20]

28 (17.39%)

34 (19.88%)

-

-

40 (24.84%)

44 (25.73%)

13 (8.07%)

17 (9.94%)

80 (49.69%)

76 (44.44%)

-

-

61 (37.89%)

70 (40.49%)

97 (60.25%)

101 (59.06%)

3 (1.86%)

0 (0%)

Katsogiannou 2018 [33]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Kuemanee 2021 [34]

-

-

18 (15%)

15 (12.6%)

14 (11.7%)

19 (15.8%)

-

-

11 (9.2%)

9 (7.5%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

7 (5.7%)

12 (10%)

Homkrun 2019 [35]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Kang 2020 [36]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mojahed 2021 [37]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Study ID

Previous abdominal surgery, n (%)

Gestational age at AC or CVS (weeks), M(SD)

Gravidity, M(SD)

Parity, M (SD)

Parity, n (%)

Nulliparous

Multiparous

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Melcer 2021 [15]

-

-

18.9 (1.3)

18.4 (0.6)

2.4 (1.4)

3.1 (1.9)

0.9 (0.9)

1.3 (1.3)

-

-

-

-

Mohammadifard 2021 [16]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 (7.4%)

8 (27.6%)

25 (92.6%)

21 (72.4%)

Rekawek 2019 [18]

22 (34.9%)

12 (21.1%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

22 (34.9%)

26 (45.6%)

41 (65.1%)

31 (54.4%)

Pongrojpaw 2007 [19]

20 (33%)

12 (20%)

17.6 (1.6)

17.7 (1.5)

-

-

0.7 (0.8)

0.6 (0.7)

-

-

-

-

Tuaktaew 2018 [17]

-

-

18.43 (0.82)

18.40 (0.7)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Schoubroeck 2000 [24]

-

-

15.9 (1.3)

15.8 (1.4)

2.4 (1.2)

2.6 (1.4)

1.1 (0.9)

1.1 (1.1)

-

-

-

-

Wax 2005 [25]

-

-

16.5 (1.4)

16.6 (1.5)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Telapol 2018 [26]

10 (13.51%)

8 (10.81%)

21.95 (0.88)

22.02 (0.80)

-

-

-

-

22 (29.73%)

27 (36.49%)

52 (70.27%)

47 (63.51%)

Benchahong 2021 [27]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Elimian 2013 [28]

-

-

19.8 (2.6)

20.1 (2.4)

-

-

-

-

7 (19.44%)

12 (30%)

29 (80.55%)

28 (70%)

Fischer 2000 [29]

-

-

17.5 (1.5)

17 (1.4)

2.4 (0.8)

2.5 (0.7)

-

-

32 (31.1%)

25 (25.8%)

71 (68.9%)

72 (74.2%)

Gordon 2007 [30]

40 (39.6%)

44 (42.7%)

19.3 (5.5)

19.9 (6.6)

2.8 (1.4)

2.7 (1.6)

1.2 (1)

1.2 (1.1)

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2012 [31]

78 (42.4%)

73 (38.8%)

17.09 (0.89)

17.02 (0.76)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2015 [32]

73 (46.2%)

86 (54.09%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2016 [20]

79 (49.07%)

77 (45.03%)

17.27 (0.86)

17.23 (0.83)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Katsogiannou 2018 [33]

-

-

13.83 (0.09)

13.91 (0.09)

-

-

-

-

40 (43%)

29 (32.2%)

53 (57%)

61 (67.8%)

Kuemanee 2021 [34]

30 (25%)

40 (30.33%)

-

-

-

-

0.8 (0.67)

0.8 (0.83)

-

-

-

-

Homkrun 2019 [35]

-

-

17 (1)

17 (2)

-

-

-

-

46 (24.08%)

101 (26.64%)

145 (75.9%)

278 (73.35%)

Kang 2020 [36]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mojahed 2021 [37]

-

-

16.35 (0.93)

16.5 (1.08)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Study ID

Indication, n (%)

Prior AC or CVS, n (%)

Prior pregnancy, n (%)

Prior abortion, n (%)

Age risk

Genetic risk

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Intervention

Control

Melcer 2021 [15]

19 (63.3%)

23 (76.7)

-

-

3 (10%)

5 (16.7%)

-

-

12

12

Mohammadifard 2021 [16]

-

-

-

-

-

-

29 (100%)

27 (100%)

7 (25.9%)

7 (24.1%)

Rekawek 2019 [18]

36 (61%)

28 (52.8%)

-

-

25 (39.7%)

20 (35.7%)

-

-

-

-

Pongrojpaw 2007 [19]

56 (93%)

57 (95%)

4 (7%)

3 (5%)

1 (0.1%)

3 (0.5%)

-

-

-

-

Tuaktaew 2018 [17]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Schoubroeck 2000 [24]

54 (47%)

41 (39%)

2 (2%)

4 (4%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wax 2005 [25]

21 (69.69%)

23 (79.3%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Telapol 2018 [26]

-

-

-

-

-

-

44 (59.46%)

41 (55.4%)

24 (32.43%)

20 (27.03%)

Benchahong 2021 [27]

109 (90.8%)

105 (87.5%)

11 (9.2%)

15 (12.5%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

109 (90.8%)

11 (9.2%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

105 (87.5%)

15 (12.5%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Elimian 2013 [28]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Fischer 2000 [29]

61 (59.2%)

59 (60.8%)

-

-

12 (11.8%)

22 (22.7%)

-

-

-

-

Gordon 2007 [30]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2012 [31]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2015 [32]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hanprasertpong 2016 [20]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Katsogiannou 2018 [33]

-

-

-

-

11 (11.8%)

8 (8.9%)

-

-

-

-

Kuemanee 2021 [34]

109 (90.9%)

105 (87.6%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Homkrun 2019 [35]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Kang 2020 [36]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mojahed 2021 [37]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

  1. Abbreviations: VR Virtual reality, BMI Body mass index, M Mean, SD Standard deviation, m meter, n number
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