Table 4 Posterior prevalence ratios of having caesarean delivery by the categorical covariates, their corresponding 95% credible intervals, posterior variance of the spatial effects at the district level and model summary statistics
Background characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 PPR [95% CI] | Model 3 PPR [95% CI] | Model 4 PPR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy complications and birth risk | ||||
 Complications during/after delivery | ||||
  No complication |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Pregnancy-induced hypertension |  | 1.84 [1.56, 2.16]** | 1.81 [1.55, 2.11]** | 1.78 [1.50, 2.12]** |
  Haemorrhage |  | 0.87 [0.65, 1.17] | 0.89 [0.67, 1.19] | 0.83 [0.60, 1.13] |
  Prolonged/obstructed labour |  | 1.88 [1.51, 2.35]** | 1.83 [1.46, 2.30]** | 1.88 [1.52, 2.33]** |
  Vaginal/placental |  | 1.39 [1.11, 1.74]** | 1.44 [1.16, 1.79]** | 1.38 [1.04, 1.84]* |
  Abdominal pain |  | 1.05 [0.68, 1.61] | 1.03 [0.64, 1.65] | 1.07 [0.66, 1.75] |
  Other problems |  | 2.17 [1.64, 2.87]** | 2.11 [1.66, 2.68]** | 2.04 [1.62, 2.57]** |
 Pregnancy outcome | ||||
  Born alive |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Born dead |  | 1.83 [1.41, 2.37]** | 1.91 [1.44, 2.53]** | 1.74 [1.34, 2.26]** |
  Miscarriage |  | 1.49 [1.22, 1.82]** | 1.46 [1.17, 1.81]** | 1.29 [1.04, 1.59]* |
  Abortion |  | 1.30 [1.11, 1.52]** | 1.28 [1.09, 1.50]** | 1.15 [0.99, 1.33] |
 Birth weight of the child | ||||
  Don’t know/Missing |  | 0.66 [0.54, 0.81]** | 0.69 [0.55, 0.88]** | 0.79 [0.66, 0.95]* |
  Less than 2.5 kg |  | 0.98 [0.75, 1.27] | 0.98 [0.77, 1.25] | 1.02 [0.81, 1.30] |
  2.5–3.99 kg |  | 0.70 [0.58, 0.84]** | 0.69 [0.57, 0.84]** | 0.72 [0.60, 0.86]** |
  4.5 kg or higher |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Access to health care | ||||
 Covered by health insurance | ||||
  Covered |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Not covered |  |  | 0.72 [0.63, 0.82]** | 0.78 [0.68, 0.89]** |
  Not registered |  |  | 0.68 [0.54, 0.86]** | 0.79 [0.62, 0.99]* |
 Trimester of first antenatal care | ||||
  First |  |  | 1.00 |  |
  Second |  |  | 0.88 [0.78, 0.99]* |  |
  After second/no antenatal care |  |  | 0.68 [0.45, 1.05] |  |
 Getting money needed for treatment | ||||
  Big problem |  |  | 1.00 |  |
  Not a big problem |  |  | 1.20 [1.07, 1.35]** |  |
Socio-economic factors | ||||
 Household wealth status | ||||
  Poorest |  |  |  | 1.00 |
  Poorer |  |  |  | 1.10 [0.88, 1.37] |
  Middle |  |  |  | 1.27 [1.01, 1.59] |
  Rich |  |  |  | 1.55 [1.26, 1.89]** |
  Richest |  |  |  | 1.90 [1.51, 2.40]** |
 Read newspapers | ||||
  At least once a week |  |  |  | 1.00 |
  Less than once a week |  |  |  | 0.73 [0.56, 0.94]* |
  Not at all |  |  |  | 0.77 [0.64, 0.94]** |
  Cannot read |  |  |  | 0.65 [0.51, 0.82]** |
Variance of the spatial effects | ||||
 Structured spatial effect (SE) | 0.158 (0.067)** | 0.117 (0.054)** | 0.131 (0.065)** | 0.031 (0.020) |
 % change structured spatial effects | ― | –25.9 | +12.0 | –76.3 |
 Unstructured spatial effect (SE) | 0.036 (0.021) | 0.024 (0.020) | 0.022 (0.015) | 0.011 (0.010) |
 Model summary statistics | ||||
  Deviance | 7247.23 | 7107.62 | 7054.01 | 6902.17 |
  PD | 51.16 | 52.78 | 55.01 | 54.12 |
  \(\overline{D }(\theta )\) | 7298.38 | 7160.22 | 7109.03 | 6956.29 |
  \(D(\overline{\theta })\) | 7247.22 | 7107.44 | 7054.02 | 6902.17 |
  DIC | 7349.54 | 7213.00 | 7164.04 | 7010.41 |
  Change in Deviance | 282.82 | 139.61 | 53.61 | 151.84 |
  Change in DIC | ― | 136.54 | 48.96 | 153.63 |