Table 2 Weighted percentage distribution of respondents who had a caesarean section delivery by background characteristics
Background characteristics | % [95% CI] | n | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 16.0 [15.3, 16.8] | 9244 | Â |
Pregnancy complications and birth risks | |||
 Complications during and after delivery |  |  | 0.000 |
  No complication | 13.8 [12.9, 14.6] | 6664 |  |
  Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 24.5 [21.7, 27.4] | 873 |  |
  Haemorrhage | 12.0 [9.2, 14.7] | 481 |  |
  Prolonged/obstructed labour | 26.5 [22.2, 30.9] | 368 |  |
  Vaginal/placental | 18.9 [15.1, 22.6] | 412 |  |
  Abdominal pain | 15.5 [9.5, 21.4] | 179 |  |
  Other problems | 29.1 [23.8, 34.3] | 267 |  |
 Pregnancy outcome |  |  | 0.000 |
  Born alive | 14.4 [13.6, 15.2] | 7534 |  |
  Born dead | 21.8 [16.5, 27.1] | 219 |  |
  Miscarriage | 22.8 [19.1, 26.5] | 492 |  |
  Abortion | 20.8 [18.7, 23.0] | 999 |  |
 Birth weight of the child |  |  | 0.000 |
  Don’t know/Missing | 14.0 [12.6, 15.4] | 2164 |  |
  Less than 2.5 kg | 21.4 [17.9, 24.9] | 564 |  |
  2.5–3.99 kg | 15.7 [14.7, 16.7] | 5785 |  |
  4.5 kg or higher | 19.9 [17.3, 22.6] | 731 |  |
Access to health care | |||
 Covered by health insurance |  |  | 0.000 |
  Covered | 18.1 [17.0, 19.2] | 5323 |  |
  Not covered | 14.0 [12.8, 15.1] | 3191 |  |
  Not registered | 12.5 [10.3, 14.8] | 730 |  |
 Timing of first antenatal care | |||
  First trimester | 17.1 [16.2, 18.0] | 6362 | 0.000 |
  Second trimester | 14.0 [12.7, 15.3] | 2704 |  |
  After second trimester or no antenatal care | 10.6 [6.5, 14.7] | 178 |  |
 Place of delivery |  |  | 0.197 |
  Public facility | 15.8 [15.0, 16.6] | 8287 |  |
  Private facility | 17.3 [15.2, 19.3] | 957 |  |
 Getting permission to seek care |  |  | 0.495 |
  Big problem | 15.0 [11.8, 18.1] | 647 |  |
  Not a big problem | 16.1 [15.3, 16.9] | 8597 |  |
 Getting money needed for treatment |  |  | 0.000 |
  Big problem | 13.7 [12.7, 14.8] | 4509 |  |
  Not a big problem | 18.0 [16.9, 19.1] | 4735 |  |
 Distance, no nearby health facility |  |  | 0.084 |
  Big problem | 14.8 [13.2, 16.3] | 2383 |  |
  Not a big problem | 16.4 [15.5, 17.2] | 6861 |  |
 Not wanting to go alone |  |  | 0.147 |
  Big problem | 14.4 [12.1, 16.6] | 1280 |  |
  Not a big problem | 16.2 [15.4, 17.0] | 7964 |  |
Socio-economic factors | |||
 Type of place of residence |  |  | 0.000 |
  Urban | 19.3 [18.2, 20.4] | 4617 |  |
  Rural | 12.0 [11.0, 13.0] | 4627 |  |
 Marital status |  |  | 0.000 |
  Currently married | 18.2 [17.1, 19.2] | 5856 |  |
  Cohabiting | 14.0 [12.7, 15.3] | 2140 |  |
  Not in union | 12.8 [11.1, 14.5] | 1248 |  |
 Educational attainment |  |  | 0.000 |
  No education | 10.6 [9.1, 12.1] | 2599 |  |
  Primary | 13.2 [11.4, 14.9] | 1526 |  |
  Middle school/Junior High School | 16.1 [14.9, 17.2] | 3211 |  |
  Senior High School | 19.0 [16.9, 21.1] | 1219 |  |
  Higher | 29.2 [25.8, 32.6] | 689 |  |
 Religious affiliation |  |  | 0.002 |
  Catholic | 15.8 [13.4, 18.2] | 1257 |  |
  Protestant | 16.4 [14.2, 18.7] | 797 |  |
  Pentecostal/Charismatic | 17.5 [16.3, 18.6] | 3256 |  |
  Other Christians | 15.4 [13.4, 17.4] | 1080 |  |
  Islam | 13.7 [11.9, 15.4] | 2460 |  |
  No religion/Traditionalist/Spiritualist | 10.6 [7.1, 14.1] | 394 |  |
 Ethnicity |  |  | 0.000 |
  Akan | 17.0 [15.9, 18.1] | 3163 |  |
  Ga-Dangbe | 16.9 [13.8, 19.9] | 386 |  |
  Ewe-Guan | 19.4 [17.4, 21.5] | 1092 |  |
  Mole-Dagbane | 10.7 [9.1, 12.2] | 3149 |  |
  Grussi-Gruma-Mande | 12.7 [10.4, 15.0] | 1234 |  |
  Other | 20.6 [15.1, 26.1] | 220 |  |
 Household wealth status |  |  | 0.000 |
  Poorest | 8.6 [7.1, 10.1] | 2503 |  |
  Poorer | 11.7 [10.2, 13.2] | 1809 |  |
  Middle | 13.5 [12.0, 15.1] | 1704 |  |
  Rich | 17.1 [15.4, 18.7] | 1723 |  |
  Richest | 26.3 [24.4, 28.3] | 1505 |  |
 Reads newspaper |  |  | 0.000 |
  At least once a week | 30.0 [25.8, 34.2] | 362 |  |
  Less than once a week | 19.5 [16.7, 22.3] | 680 |  |
  Not at all | 18.2 [16.9, 19.6] | 2882 |  |
  Cannot read | 12.6 [11.7, 13.6] | 5320 |  |
 Listens to radio |  |  | 0.000 |
  At least once a week | 17.6 [16.5, 18.7] | 4407 |  |
  Less than once a week | 15.8 [14.3, 17.3] | 2284 |  |
  Not at all | 12.6 [11.1, 14.0] | 2553 |  |
 Watches television |  |  | 0.000 |
  At least once a week | 18.2 [17.2, 19.2] | 5031 |  |
  Less than once a week | 15.1 [13.3, 16.8] | 1615 |  |
  Not at all | 10.2 [8.8, 11.6] | 2598 |  |