Table 1 Sample characteristics and bivariate analysis

 No

436 (17.2)

1991 (14.9)

356 (10.7)

 < 0.001

 Yes

2102 (82.8)

11,327 (85.1)

2969 (89.3)

Skilled attendance at birth

 No

110 (4.3)

741 (5.6)

22 (0.7)

 < 0.001

 Yes

2428 (95.7)

12,577 (94.4)

3303 (99.3)

Effective ANC prevention

 No

1501 (59.1)

6977 (52.4)

1792 (53.5)

 < 0.001

 Yes

1037 (40.9)

6341 (47.6)

1533 (46.5)

Effective ANC education

 No

773 (30.5)

3109 (23.3)

718 (21.6)

 < 0.001

 Yes

1765 (69.5)

10,209 (76.7)

2607 (78.4)

Effective ANC screening

 No

728 (28.7)

3185 (23.9)

667 (20.1)

 < 0.001

 Yes

1810 (71.3)

10,133 (76.1)

2658 (79.9)

Covariates

Highest educational level attained

 Primary or no education

295 (11.6)

3103 (23.3)

123 (3.7)

 < 0.001

 Secondary

1125 (44.3)

7224 (54.2)

788 (23.7)

 Higher but no university

570 (22.5)

1920 (14.4)

1059 (31.8)

 Higher, university or Postgraduate

548 (21.6)

1071 (8.1)

1355 (40.8)

Ethnicity

 Other

371 (14.6)

2357 (17.7)

329 (9.9)

 < 0.001

 Spanish

2167 (85.4)

10,961 (82.3)

2996 (90.1)

Marital status

 Not currently married

548 (21.6)

240 (18.1)

481 (14.5)

 < 0.001

 Currently married

1990 (78.4)

10,908 (81.9)

2844 (85.5)

Place of residence

 Rural

439 (17.3)

5177 (38.9)

320 (9.6)

 < 0.001

 Urban

2099 (82.7)

8141 (61.1)

3005 (90.4)

Ever had a terminated pregnancy

 No

1976 (77.9)

10,940 (82.1) 

2466 (74.2)

 < 0.001

 Yes

562 (22.1)

2378 (17.9)

589 (22.8)

Births in last five years

 1

2225 (87.7)

11,243 (84.4)

2914 (87.6)

 < 0.001

 2 + 

313 (12.3)

2075 (15.6)

411 (12.4)

Total children ever born

 1 child

927 (36.5)

3904 (29.3)

974 (29.3)

 < 0.001

 2 children

803 (31.7)

4080 (30.6)

1285 (38.6)

 3 children

465 (18.3)

2550 (19.2)

705 (21.2)

 4 or more children

343 (13.5)

2784 (20.9)

361 (10.9)

Total living children

 0–2

1763 (69.5)

8139 (61.1)

2290 (68.9)

 < 0.001

 3 + 

775 (30.5)

5179 (38.9)

1035 (31.1)

Wealth index

 Poorest

381 (15.0)

5062 (38.0)

147 (4.4)

 < 0.001

 Poorer

610 (24.0)

3946 (29.6)

520 (15.7)

 Middle

676 (26.7)

2391 (18.0)

722 (21.7)

 Wealthier

566 (22.3)

1350 (10.1)

922 (27.7)

 Wealthiest

305 (12.0)

569 (4.3)

1014 (30.5)

Household size

 1–3

630 (24.8)

2910 (21.9)

614 (18.5)

 < 0.001

 4–6

1524 (60.1)

8196 (61.5)

2290 (68.9)

 7 + 

384 (15.1)

2212 (16.6)

421 (12.6)

Age

No insurance

Mean (SD)

SIS

Mean (SD)

Standard Insurance

Mean (SD)

Anova (p-value)

 15–49 (continuous)

30.84 (6.75)

29.93 (7.08)

33.65 (5.94)

 < 0.001