Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of pregnant women in Uganda with IPV and spatial accessibility data, N = 986

Spatial accessibility, median (IQR)*

3.9 (0.2, 329.1)

4.6 (0.4, 329.1)

0.148

Distance to nearest health facility

 <5 km (optimal)

255 (51.6)

200 (40.6)

0.001

 ≥5 km (low)

239 (48.4)

292 (59.4)

Parity, mean (SD)^a

2.5 (2.4)

2.9 (2.4)

< 0.001

Number of ANC visits, mean (SD)

3.8 (1.2)

3.7 (1.8)

0.679

Maternal age in years, mean (SD)

25.5 (6.2)

26.5 (6.6)

0.009

Maternal age group, years

0.031

 >35

42 (8.5)

65 (13.2)

 25–34

202 (40.9)

207 (42.1)

 15–24

250 (50.6)

220 (44.7)

Residence

0.015

 Urban

106 (21.5)

76 (15.5)

 Rural

388 (78.5)

416 (84.6)

Level of formal education

 No education

43 (8.7)

59 (11.9)

0.002

 Primary

304 (61.5)

321 (65.1)

 Secondary

106 (21.5)

96 (19.5)

 >Secondary

41 (8.3)

16 (3.5)

Occupation

0.166

 Agricultural

203 (41.1)

230 (46.8)

 Non-Agricultural

196 (39.7)

183 (37.1)

 Unemployed

95 (19.2)

79 (16.1)

Household wealth index

< 0.001

 Poorest

101 (20.5)

156 (31.7)

 Poorer

111 (22.5)

112 (22.8)

 Middle

94 (19.0)

100 (20.2)

 Richer

89 (18.0)

76 (15.5)

 Richest

99 (20.0)

48 (9.8)

Economic empowerment

0.222

 No

305 (61.7)

285 (57.9)

 Yes

189 (38.3)

207 (42.1)

Decisions on household expenditure ^b

0.047

 Woman not involved

22 (7.7)

33 (12.9)

 Woman involved

263 (92.3)

223 (87.1)

Accepted partner abuse

< 0.001

 No

259 (52.4)

201 (40.8)

 Yes

235 (47.6)

291 (59.2)

Controlling partner behavior

< 0.001

 No

211 (42.7)

67 (13.6)

 Yes

283 (57.3)

425 (86.4)

Difficulty getting needed treatment money

0.001

 No problem

311 (62.9)

256 (52.1)

 Problem

183 (37.1)

236 (47.9)

Afraid of partner

< 0.001

 No

354 (71.6)

191 (38.8)

 Yes

140 (28.4)

301 (61.2)

Current pregnancy wanted

< 0.001

 No

178 (35.1)

232 (47.2)

 Yes

316 (63.9)

260 (52.8)