Fig. 1

Adjusted¹ LMMs examining neighborhood stress and hormone concentrations in full cohort and by fetal sex. ¹Adjusted for trimester, maternal age, early pregnancy BMI, gestational age deviation, fetal sex, parity, maternal race, maternal ethnicity, highest maternal education level, and Medicaid in pregnancy. *Stratified models not adjusted for fetal sex. ²Neighborhood disorder score = 12–13. ³Neighborhood disorder score = 14–17. ⁴Neighborhood disorder score = 18–42. Neighborhood disorder reference category is Q1 where score = 11. ⁵Any violence score > 7. Reference is no violence where score = 7. ⁶Neighborhood disorder (n = 258) and exposure to violence (n = 260). ⁷Neighborhood disorder (n = 130) and exposure to violence (n = 131). ⁸Neighborhood disorder (n = 128) and exposure to violence (n = 129)