Table 4 Sensitivity analysis for first trimester antenatal care contact in Africa

Okello et al. (2021) [108]  

37.0

33.3

40.8

Girma et al. (2023) [50]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Wolde et al. (2019) [51]

37.2

33.4

40.9

Wolde et al. (2018) [61]

37.2

33.4

40.9

Okunowo, et al. (2019) [90]

37.3

33.5

41.0

Kotoh et al. (2019) [27]

37.6

33.9

41.4

Jemberu (2020) [52]

37.4

33.7

41.2

Manyeh et al. (2020) [76]

37.0

33.3

40.8

Smith (2019) [98]

37.5

33.7

41.2

Adere (2020) [53]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Azeze (2020) [54]

37.3

33.5

41.0

Drammeh (2018) [75]

37.6

33.8

41.3

Tesfu et al. (2022) [23]

37.2

33.5

40.9

Benah (2027) [109]

37.3

33.6

41.0

Ekholuenetale et al. (2020) [36]

37.1

33.3

40.8

Debelo et al. (2022) [55]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Mazera (2016) [110]

37.5

33.8

41.3

Some et al. (2020) [44]

37.3

33.5

41.0

Appiah et al. (2022) [28]

37.2

33.4

40.9

Anyaka et al. (2020) [94]

37.1

33.4

40.8

Chewe et al. (2016) [114]

37.6

33.8

41.3

Mpoy et al. (2022) [48]

37.1

33.3

40.8

Machika (2017) [87]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Halima et al. (2021) [49]

37.0

33.3

40.8

Alene et al. (2021) [56]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Shiferaw (2021) [57]

37.4

33.6

41.2

Yezengaw et al. (2022) [58]

37.0

33.2

40.7

Kolola et al. (2020) [59]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Ejeta et al. (2017) [60]

37.5

33.8

41.2

Moshi et al. (2021) [103]

37.5

33.6

41.3

Wolde et al. (2018) [61]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Njiku et al. (2017) [104]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Harindimana (2019) [95]

37.3

33.5

41.1

Ziblim et al. (2022) [77]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Gidey et al. (2017) [62]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Uwimana (2023) [96]

37.1

33.5

40.8

Amoako et al. (2021) [79]

37.2

33. 5

41.0

Peprah et al. (2022) [80]

37.0

33.3

40.8

Tufa G et al. (2020) [63]

37.0

33.3

40.8

Abebe (2023) [64]

37.3

33.5

41.0

Komuhangi et al. (2020) [111]

37.6

33.8

41.3

Seidu et al. (2021) [81]

37.5

33.7

41.2

Tola et al. (2021) [65]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Katembo (2017) [105]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Muthoni et al. (2022) [30]

36.9

33.2

40.7

Adulo et al. (2022) [66]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Blackstone et al. (2019)| [85]

36.9

33.3

40.5

Kisaka et al. (2020)| [106]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Hoffejee (2018) [101]

37.6

33.8

41.3

Kondale et al. (2016) [67]

37.4

33.7

41.1

Geta et al. (2017) [68]

37.5

33.7

41.2

Ekholuenetale et al. (2022) [86]

36.9

33.3

40.4

Aliyu et al. (2017) [91]

37.4

33.5

41.3

Kuuire et al. (2017) [43]

37.6

34.4

40.8

Wekesa et al. (2018) [82]

37.5

33.7

41.2

Fagbamigbe et al. (2021) [93]

37.4

33.6

41.3

Utuk (2017) [92]

37.4

33.6

41.1

Nkoka et al. (2018) [88]

37.4

33.6

41.2

Ochako (2016) [83]

37.5

33.8

41.3

Bagambe (2021) [97]

37.1

33.4

40.8

Yaya et al. (2017) [69]

37.3

33.5

41.2

Samadoulougou et al. (2018) [45]

37.2

33.4

41.0

Sserwanja et al. (2022) [15]

37.2

33.4

41.0

Redi et al. (2022) [31]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Grum et al. (2018) [70]

37.6

33.8

41.3

Teshale et al. (2020) [71]

37.3

33.6

41.1

Njim et al. (2016) [46]

37.5

33.7

41.2

Towongo (2022) [112]

37.4

33.5

41.2

Mwanamwambwa (2021) [115]

37.0

33.3

40.7

Sserwanja et al. (2022) [99]

37.0

33.4

40.7

Housni et al. (2017) [89]

36.8

33.1

40.5

Tessema et al. (2023) [72]

37.3

33.6

41.1

Dibabu et al. (2021) [73]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Hassen et al. (2019) [100]

37.0

33.3

40.8

Betty et al. (2018) [113]

37.6

33.9

41.4

Mbaaka et al. (2019) [116]

37.3

33.6

41.1

Musaa et al. (2022) [84]

37.1

33.4

40.8

Innocent (2021) [42]

37.2

33.5

41.0

Rahantalle et al. (2017) [102]

37.0

33.3

40.7

Tolefac et al. (2017) [47]

37.1

33.3

40.8

Abera et al. (2023) [74]

37.3

33.5

41.0

Sinyange (2016) [117]

37.5

33.7

41.3

Alemu et al. (2018)| [25]

37.2

33.4

40.9

Tungaraza et al. (2022) [107]

37.4

33.7

41.2

Anaba et al. (2022) [78]

37.5

33.7

41.2

Combined

37.1

33.3

41.0