Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of anaemia among pregnant women in SSA

Age (years)

15–19

Ref

Ref

20–24

0.77 (0.54, 1.11)

0.88 (0.72, 1.08)

25–29

0.65**(0.44, 0.95)

0.78**(0.62, 0.97)

30–34

0.69(0.46, 1.04)

0.78*(0.61, 0.99)

35–39

0.52**(0.33, 0.81)

0.77 (0.59, 1.01)

40–44

0.69(0.37, 1.29)

0.69**(0.50, 0.95)

45–49

0.78(0.22, 2.77)

0.79(0.45, 1.39)

Level of education

No education

Ref

Ref

Primary

0.81*(0.66, 0.99)

0.67***(0.60, 0.74)

Secondary

0.74***(0.60, 0.91)

0.76***(0.65, 0.87)

Higher

0.58**(0.41, 0.84)

0.62(0.35, 1.11)

Wealth index

Poorest

Ref

Ref

Poorer

0.96(0.66, 1.40)

0.92(0.83, 1.03)

Middle

0.97(0.69, 1.38)

0.92(0.81, 1.04)

Richer

0.86(0.61, 1.22)

1.00(0.85, 1.16)

Richest

0.79(0.55, 1.13)

0.84(0.64, 1.12)

Parity

One

Ref

Ref

Two

0.92 (0.75, 1.14)

0.96 (0.83, 1.11)

Three

1.05 (0.81, 1.35)

0.96 (0.82, 1.14)

Four

1.24 (0.92, 1.66)

1.05 (0.87, 1.27)

Five or more

1.33 (0.98, 1.80)

1.09 (0.90, 1.32)

Marital status

Never in union

Ref

Ref

Married

0.86 (0.58, 1.29)

1.29 (0.94, 1.77)

Cohabitation

0.92 (0.61, 1.40)

1.32 (0.95, 1.83)

Widowed

1.38 (0.41, 4.70)

0.97 (0.46, 2.06)

Divorced

0.51 (0.20, 1.34)

0.99 (0.56, 1.74)

Separated

0.81 (0.44, 1.47)

1.25 (0.81, 1.94)

Labour force

Not working

Ref

Ref

Working

1.08(0.92, 1.27)

1.05 (0.96, 1.16)

Health insurance coverage

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.89 (0.70, 1.12)

0.87 (0.72, 1.04)

Antenatal care visits

Less than 8

Ref

Ref

8 or more

1.07 (0.79, 1.47)

1.07 (0.76, 1.53)

Duration of pregnancy

1st trimester

Ref

Ref

2nd trimester

2.39***(1.99, 2.88)

1.81***(1.63, 2.02)

3rd trimester

2.28***(1.89, 2.76)

1.98***(1.77, 2.22)

Intestinal parasite drug taken

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.00 (0.85, 1.16)

1.12**(1.02, 1.23)

Iron tablets/syrup taken

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.12 (0.91, 1.38)

0.99 (0.89, 1.10)

Community socioeconomic status

Low

Ref

Ref

Moderate

0.94 (0.72, 1.23)

0.83**(0.73, 0.93)

High

0.89 (0.68, 1.18)

0.97 (0.77, 1.22)

Community literacy level

Low

Ref

Ref

Moderate

1.21(0.94, 1.56)

0.90*(0.82, 0.99)

High

1.11 (0.85, 1.45)

0.97 (0.77, 1.22)

Exposure to mass media

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.03 (0.86, 1.24)

1.04 (0.95, 1.14)

Source of drinking water

Improved

Ref

Ref

Unimproved

0.96 (0.78, 1.20)

0.95(0.87, 1.04)

Other/not in the house

0.90 (0.57, 1.44)

1.30(0.97, 1.74)