PFAS concentrations in early and mid-pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a nested case-control study within the ethnically and racially diverse PETALS cohort

Table 2 Distributions for Pregnancy Serum PFAS Analytes in the PETALS cohort: 2014–2017

Analyte	% Detected^*	Median (IQR)
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), ng/mL
Early Pregnancy	87.5%	0.09 (0.04, 0.14)
Mid-Pregnancy	90.3%	0.07 (0.04, 0.13)
Area under the curve^a	NA	13.24 (6.90, 23.51)
Perfluorohexane-1-sulphonic acid (PFHxS), ng/mL
Early Pregnancy	100%	1.20 (0.91, 1.61)
Mid-Pregnancy	100%	1.23 (1.01, 1.68)
Area under the curve^a	NA	222.55 (174.49, 295.24)
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), ng/mL
Early Pregnancy	100%	0.39 (0.28, 0.51)
Mid-Pregnancy	100%	0.35 (0.26, 0.47)
Area under the curve^a	NA	70.13 (50.68, 89.37)
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), ng/mL
Early Pregnancy	100%	2.46 (1.67, 3.40)
Mid-Pregnancy	100%	2.42 (1.69, 3.30)
Area under the curve^a	NA	438.11 (316.51, 634.87)
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), ng/mL
Early Pregnancy	100%	0.71 (0.46, 1.07)
Mid-Pregnancy	100%	0.69 (0.47, 0.97)
Area under the curve^a	NA	130.72 (87.47, 188.41)
Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), ng/mL
Early Pregnancy 1	93.8%	0.10 (0.05, 0.19)
Mid-Pregnancy 2	93.8%	0.10 (0.05, 0.17)
Area under the curve^a	NA	14.87 (9.22, 33.90)
Perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA), ng/mL
Early Pregnancy 1	100%	0.28 (0.20, 0.42)
Mid-Pregnancy 2	99.1%	0.29 (0.19, 0.43)
Area under the curve^a	NA	53.40 (37.74, 76.75)

NA Not applicable
^*Limit of detection (LOD) for PFHxS, PFDA, PFOA, PFUnDA, PFOS = 0.02 ng/mL; PFPeA = 0.0224 ng/mL; PFNA = 0.032 ng/mL
Early pregnancy samples collected at 13.9 \(\pm\) 2.1 weeks of gestation and mid-pregnancy samples collected at 20.1 \(\pm\) 2.2 weeks of gestation
^aCalculated (in ng/mL × day) using the formula: \(M1\times D1+\frac{(M1+M2)\times (D2-D1)}{2}+M2\times (197-D2)\), where M1 and M2 were concentrations of PFAS at each time point, D1 and D2 were days of gestation at the two time points, respectively, and 197 was the maximum D2 within this sample

ISSN: 1471-2393