Table 1 Participant Characteristics by GDM Cases and non-GDM Controls nested in the PETALS cohort: 2014–2017

Age, years, mean ± SD

31.9 ± 4.9

32.4 ± 5.2

31.6 ± 4.8

0.42^a

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

0.36^b

 Asian/Pacific Islander

32 (25.0%)

14 (34.2%)

18 (20.7%)

 Black

9 (7.0%)

2 (4.9%)

7 (8.0%)

 Hispanic

50 (39.1%)

16 (39.0%)

34 (39.1%)

 White

28 (21.9%)

8 (19.5%)

20 (23.0%)

 Other

9 (7.0%)

1 (2.4%)

8 (9.2%)

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m², n (%)

0.06^b

  < 25.0 (Underweight/Normal)

44 (34.4%)

9 (22.0%)

35 (40.2%)

 25.0–29.9 (Overweight)

41 (32.0%)

13 (31.7%)

28 (32.2%)

  ≥ 30.0 (Obese)

43 (33.6%)

19 (46.3%)

24 (27.6%)

Nulliparity, n (%)

56 (44.1%)

14 (35.0%)

42 (48.3%)

0.16^b

Early Pregnancy Blood Sample, gestational weeks, mean ± SD

13.8 ± 2.2

13.3 ± 2.1

14.0 ± 2.1

0.06^a

Mid-Pregnancy Blood Sample, gestational weeks, mean ± SD

20.2 ± 2.2

19.5 ± 2.2

20.4 ± 2.2

0.07^a