Table 2 Food environment, socio-economic, maternal, and live birth characteristics, in accordance with fetal growth and birth weight (n = 2,632,314) in 2016

Density of unhealthy food

1,499 (0.06)

 1st tertile (< p33.3)

877,391 (33.4)

69,258 (7.9)

158,519 (18.1)

59,216 (6.7)

 2nd tertile (> = p33.3; =  < p66.6)

888,127 (33.7)

60,703 (6.8)

141,863 (16.0)

64,965 (7.3)

 3rd tertile (> p66.6)

865,297 (32.9)

56,117 (6.5)

128,333 (14.8)

64,165 (7.4)

Density of in natura foods

1,499 (0.06)

 1st tertile (< p33.3)

876,820 (33.3)

63,814 (7.3)

150,502 (17.2)

60,077 (6.9)

 2nd tertile (> = p33.3; =  < p66.6)

877,017 (33.5)

60,252 (6.9)

133,752 (15.3)

65,009 (7.4)

 3rd tertile (> p66.6)

876,978 (33.2)

62,012 (7.1)

144,461 (16.5)

63,260 (7.2)

Mother’s age (years)

0 (0.0)

 20–34

990,917 (33.4)

186,036 (6.1)

990,917 (18.8)

71,386 (7.2)

  ≤ 17

1,377,950 (33.4)

108,608 (7.9)

197,87 (14.4)

99,857 (7.3)

 18–19

255,561 (33.4)

16,258 (6.4)

43,648 (17.1)

16,229 (6.4)

 ≥ 35

7,886 (33.4)

760 (9.7)

1,418 (18.0)

978 (12.4)

Gestational age in weeks

0 (0.0)

 22–27

9,043 (0.34)

930 (10.3)

2,869 (31.7)

7,766 (85.9)

 28–31

23,450 (0.89)

2,598 (11.1)

9,042 (38.6)

17,900 (76.3)

 32–36

236,374 (8.98)

14,711 (6.2)

75,493 (31.9)

82,508 (34.9)

 37–42

2,363,447 (89.8)

167,967 (7.1)

341,568 (14.5)

80,276 (3.4)

Marital status

25,342 (0.1)

 Married, civil partnership

1,456,118 (55.9)

94,021 (6.5)

249,27 (17.1)

96,530 (6.6)

 Single, widow, or separated

1,150,854 (44.1)

90,215 (7.8)

175,278 (15.2)

90,079 (7.8)

Mother’s level of education

31,214 (1.2)

 More than 12 years

503,279 (19.3)

81,335 (5.1)

503,279 (16.6)

32,931 (6.5)

 None

12,146 (0.5)

1,640 (13.5)

2,165 (17.8)

1,186 (9.8)

 1 to 3 years

59,845 (2.3)

5,848 (9.7)

11,344 (19.0)

5,058 (8.4)

 4 to 7 years

449,521 (17.3)

39,232 (8.7)

74,904 (16.7)

35,834 (8.0)

 8 to 11 years

1,576,309 (60.6)

111,222 (7.1)

253,604 (16.1)

111,255 (7.06)

Number of prenatal appointments

13,496 (0.5)

 0.5

1,805,975(68.9)

114,922 (6.4)

293,926 (16.2)

91,113 (5.0)

 None

41,253 (1.6)

4,798 (11.6)

5,809 (14.1)

6,251 (15.2)

 1 to 3

156,307 (6.0)

14,792 (9.5)

26,137 (16.7)

22,886 (14.6)

 4 to 6

615,283 (23.5)

50,327 (8.2)

101,100 (16.4)

66,207 (10.8)

Newborn’s sex

0 (0.0)

 Male

1,347,479 (51.2)

93,028 (6.9)

221,601 (16.4)

88,060 (6.5)

 Female

1,284,835 (48.8)

93,178 (7.3)

207,371 (16.4)

100,390 (7.8)

Mother’s race/ethnicity

98,309 (3.7)

 White

945,556 (37.3)

56,112 (5.9)

148,12 (15.7)

65,985 (7.0)

 Black

136,575 (5.4)

11,678 (8.6)

20,841 (15.2)

11,879 (8.7)

 Yellow

9,496 (0.4)

638 (6.7)

1,335 (14.1)

725 (7.6)

 Mixed-race

1,421,330 (56.1)

108,048 (7.6)

238,343 (16.8)

100,815 (7.1)

 Indigenous

21,048 (0.8)

2,477 (11.7)

3,945 (18.7)

1,569 (7.45)