Table 5 Adjusted odds ratio for effects of sociodemographic and maternal factors on low birth weight in Rural India using binary logistic regression

Religion (Hindu ®)

 Muslim

0.97 (0.92, 1.03)

0.335

1.11 (1.00, 1.23)

0.041

0.94 (0.84, 1.04)

0.215

0.87 (0.73, 1.03)

0.100

0.66 (0.42, 1.03)

0.065

1.03 (0.87, 1.21)

0.748

0.89 (0.70, 1.14)

0.358

 Christian

0.87 (0.77, 0.98)

0.023

0.68 (0.30, 1.56)

0.366

1.06 (0.79, 1.42)

0.688

3.02 (1.56, 5.83)

0.001

0.85 (0.59, 1.23)

0.400

1.10 (0.92, 1.32)

0.276

0.50 (0.16, 1.57)

0.237

 Other

1.26 (1.14, 1.40)

 < 0.001

0.46 (0.24, 0.88)

0.018

0.93 (0.69, 1.25)

0.633

1.43 (1.23, 1.66)

 < 0.001

0.62 (0.31, 1.24)

0.174

1.11 (0.41, 2.97)

0.843

1.68 (1.30, 2.16)

 < 0.001

Social category (General ®)

 Schedule tribe

0.90 (0.85, 0.97)

0.003

0.85 (0.74, 0.96)

0.011

0.85 (0.74, 0.97)

0.014

1.02 (0.85, 1.22)

0.841

0.47 (0.32, 0.70)

 < 0.001

0.82 (0.66, 1.02)

0.078

1.29 (1.11, 1.50)

0.001

 Schedule caste

1.04 (0.98, 1.09)

0.213

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

0.323

1.02 (0.91, 1.14)

0.734

1.08 (0.94, 1.23)

0.268

0.86 (0.59, 1.25)

0.433

1.00 (0.85, 1.17)

0.966

1.04 (0.87, 1.24)

0.651

 OBC

0.95 (0.91, 1.00)

0.061

0.90 (0.82, 0.98)

0.017

0.96 (0.87, 1.06)

0.378

1.00 (0.88, 1.13)

0.995

0.83 (0.60, 1.16)

0.275

0.89 (0.76, 1.04)

0.136

1.07 (0.94, 1.22)

0.315

Birth order (1st ®)

 2nd

0.84 (0.81, 0.88)

 < 0.001

0.84 (0.78, 0.91)

 < 0.001

0.80 (0.74, 0.87)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.89, 1.11)

0.882

0.96 (0.75, 1.22)

0.725

0.77 (0.69, 0.85)

 < 0.001

0.84 (0.75, 0.95)

0.004

 3rd

0.82 (0.78, 0.87)

 < 0.001

0.86 (0.77, 0.94)

0.002

0.61 (0.54, 0.69)

 < 0.001

1.04 (0.89, 1.21)

0.663

1.17 (0.81, 1.70)

0.401

0.83 (0.72, 0.96)

0.011

0.92 (0.78, 1.08)

0.310

  ≥ 4th

0.81 (0.76, 0.87)

 < 0.001

0.90 (0.81, 1.01)

0.075

0.63 (0.55, 0.73)

 < 0.001

1.04 (0.87, 1.26)

0.652

1.09 (0.67, 1.75)

0.740

0.69 (0.54, 0.88)

0.003

0.69 (0.55, 0.87)

0.002

Place of delivery (Institution ®)

 Home

1.19 (1.12, 1.28)

 < 0.001

1.32 (1.19, 1.46)

 < 0.001

1.10 (0.97, 1.24)

0.140

1.44 (1.13, 1.84)

0.003

1.10 (0.77, 1.57)

0.617

1.53 (1.12, 2.10)

0.007

0.85 (0.66, 1.08)

0.175

Family size (≤ 4 ®)

  > 4

0.94 (0.91, 0.98)

0.003

0.89 (0.83, 0.96)

0.003

0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

0.024

0.88 (0.79, 0.99)

0.037

0.84 (0.67, 1.04)

0.107

0.93 (0.85, 1.02)

0.144

1.07 (0.94, 1.21)

0.295

Wealth Index (Rich ®)

 Poor

1.20 (1.14, 1.26)

 < 0.001

1.15 (1.06, 1.26)

0.002

1.57 (1.36, 1.81)

 < 0.001

1.11 (0.98, 1.26)

0.115

1.31 (0.84, 2.03)

0.236

1.34 (1.18, 1.51)

 < 0.001

1.30 (1.14, 1.49)

 < 0.001

 Middle

1.04 (0.99, 1.10)

0.103

1.00 (0.90, 1.10)

0.959

1.14 (0.98, 1.33)

0.101

0.99 (0.87, 1.12)

0.814

1.02 (0.63, 1.65)

0.936

1.18 (1.06, 1.31)

0.002

1.14 (1.00, 1.31)

0.045

Mother's age group (35–49 ®)

 15–24 yrs

1.11 (1.03, 1.20)

0.005

1.16 (1.02, 1.33)

0.023

1.02 (0.87, 1.19)

0.833

1.08 (0.88, 1.32)

0.447

1.26 (0.84, 1.89)

0.262

1.00 (0.83, 1.21)

0.988

1.45 (1.15, 1.83)

0.002

 25–34 yrs

1.00 (0.94, 1.07)

0.948

1.03 (0.92, 1.16)

0.590

0.94 (0.81, 1.08)

0.371

0.96 (0.81, 1.15)

0.687

1.09 (0.77, 1.55)

0.614

1.01 (0.85, 1.20)

0.913

1.13 (0.91, 1.40)

0.278

Intended pregnancy (Wanted then ®)

 Wanted later

1.15 (1.06, 1.25)

0.001

1.15 (0.99, 1.35)

0.074

1.27 (1.11, 1.44)

 < 0.001

1.22 (0.98, 1.51)

0.081

1.27 (0.75, 2.15)

0.372

1.06 (0.81, 1.39)

0.681

0.86 (0.63, 1.16)

0.319

 Wanted no more

1.12 (1.02, 1.22)

0.016

1.05 (0.90, 1.23)

0.534

1.14 (0.96, 1.34)

0.133

1.18 (0.92, 1.51)

0.197

0.75 (0.39, 1.44)

0.381

1.22 (0.91, 1.63)

0.180

1.49 (1.12, 1.99)

0.007

Mother's education (Higher ®)

 No education

1.42 (1.33, 1.53)

 < 0.001

1.43 (1.26, 1.61)

 < 0.001

1.56 (1.32, 1.84)

 < 0.001

1.24 (1.03, 1.49)

0.024

1.47 (0.84, 2.59)

0.181

1.31 (1.09, 1.58)

0.004

1.26 (1.00, 1.59)

0.046

 Primary

1.46 (1.36, 1.57)

 < 0.001

1.48 (1.31, 1.68)

 < 0.001

1.44 (1.22, 1.71)

 < 0.001

1.37 (1.14, 1.66)

0.001

1.28 (0.73, 2.23)

0.390

1.39 (1.14, 1.68)

0.001

1.43 (1.14, 1.80)

0.002

 Secondary

1.29 (1.22, 1.37)

 < 0.001

1.32 (1.19, 1.46)

 < 0.001

1.33 (1.15, 1.54)

 < 0.001

1.18 (1.02, 1.37)

0.028

1.11 (0.68, 1.81)

0.680

1.25 (1.11, 1.41)

 < 0.001

1.30 (1.09, 1.54)

0.003

Received full ANC (Yes ®)

 No

1.09 (1.05, 1.13)

 < 0.001

1.20 (1.11, 1.30)

 < 0.001

0.96 (0.89, 1.03)

0.261

1.27 (1.14, 1.41)

 < 0.001

1.10 (0.88, 1.38)

0.403

1.02 (0.93, 1.11)

0.675

1.08 (0.98, 1.19)

0.143

Timing of first ANC visit (1st trimester ®)

 2nd trimester

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

0.205

0.99 (0.93, 1.06)

0.784

1.02 (0.94, 1.10)

0.672

1.13 (1.00, 1.27)

0.053

1.07 (0.85, 1.35)

0.551

1.04 (0.91, 1.18)

0.550

1.07 (0.94, 1.22)

0.282

 3rd trimester

1.06 (0.99, 1.14)

0.119

1.04 (0.92, 1.19)

0.523

0.97 (0.82, 1.14)

0.691

1.38 (1.08, 1.75)

0.009

1.10 (0.71, 1.70)

0.661

1.08 (0.92, 1.28)

0.356

1.01 (0.82, 1.25)

0.894

Mother's BMI (Normal ®)

 Underweight

1.24 (1.19, 1.29)

 < 0.001

1.17 (1.09, 1.26)

 < 0.001

1.29 (1.19, 1.39)

 < 0.001

1.31 (1.16, 1.47)

 < 0.001

1.32 (1.03, 1.69)

0.031

1.24 (1.11, 1.38)

 < 0.001

1.18 (1.06, 1.32)

0.003

 Overweight & Obese

0.91 (0.87, 0.96)

 < 0.001

0.98 (0.89, 1.07)

0.591

0.85 (0.76, 0.96)

0.006

0.92 (0.81, 1.05)

0.235

0.79 (0.57, 1.10)

0.168

0.89 (0.80, 0.99)

0.033

0.89 (0.77, 1.04)

0.155

Mother's Anemia (Non anemic ®)

 Anemic

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

0.525

1.08 (1.02, 1.15)

0.011

1.04 (0.97, 1.12)

0.276

1.00 (0.91, 1.09)

0.926

1.11 (0.89, 1.38)

0.365

0.95 (0.88, 1.04)

0.280

0.91 (0.83, 1.01)

0.073