Table 4 Crude odds ratio for effects of sociodemographic and maternal factors on low birth weight in Rural India using binary logistic regression

Religion (Hindu ®)

 Muslim

0.91 (0.88, 0.95)

 < 0.001

1.08 (1.01, 1.16)

0.033

0.89 (0.83, 0.95)

0.001

0.82 (0.73, 0.93)

0.002

0.96 (0.83, 1.11)

0.583

0.89 (0.79, 1.02)

0.086

0.82 (0.70, 0.96)

0.016

 Christian

0.84 (0.76, 0.92)

 < 0.001

0.67 (0.34, 1.32)

0.243

1.14 (0.91, 1.44)

0.252

2.07 (1.21, 3.56)

0.008

0.58 (0.46, 0.73)

 < 0.001

1.13 (0.98, 1.30)

0.083

0.69 (0.32, 1.49)

0.345

 Other

1.15 (1.06, 1.25)

0.001

0.55 (0.34, 0.90)

0.016

1.03 (0.82, 1.29)

0.805

1.26 (1.13, 1.41)

 < 0.001

0.66 (0.41, 1.06)

0.086

1.52 (0.73, 3.13)

0.261

1.21 (1.00, 1.47)

0.045

Social category (General ®)

 Schedule tribe

1.09 (1.04, 1.15)

 < 0.001

0.98 (0.89, 1.08)

0.675

1.11 (1.01, 1.22)

0.036

1.32 (1.16, 1.50)

 < 0.001

0.55 (0.43, 0.72)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.79, 1.12)

0.513

1.42 (1.27, 1.59)

 < 0.001

 Schedule caste

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

 < 0.001

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

0.212

1.17 (1.08, 1.27)

 < 0.001

1.25 (1.13, 1.39)

 < 0.001

1.04 (0.78, 1.39)

0.779

1.07 (0.94, 1.22)

0.314

1.18 (1.04, 1.34)

0.012

 OBC

1.00 (0.96, 1.04)

0.963

0.97 (0.91, 1.05)

0.474

1.02 (0.94, 1.10)

0.648

1.05 (0.95, 1.16)

0.382

1.02 (0.80, 1.32)

0.851

0.91 (0.80, 1.03)

0.130

1.05 (0.94, 1.17)

0.366

Birth order (1st ®)

 2nd

0.89 (0.87, 0.92)

 < 0.001

0.91 (0.86, 0.96)

0.001

0.87 (0.82, 0.93)

 < 0.001

0.96 (0.89, 1.05)

0.393

0.95 (0.81, 1.11)

0.518

0.82 (0.76, 0.89)

 < 0.001

0.91 (0.83, 0.99)

0.033

 3rd

0.89 (0.86, 0.93)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.88, 1.01)

0.088

0.73 (0.68, 0.79)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.89, 1.11)

0.920

1.01 (0.82, 1.26)

0.896

0.85 (0.76, 0.95)

0.004

0.99 (0.88, 1.11)

0.820

  ≥ 4th

0.92 (0.88, 0.96)

 < 0.001

1.00 (0.93, 1.07)

0.970

0.76 (0.70, 0.83)

 < 0.001

1.09 (0.96, 1.23)

0.180

0.90 (0.72, 1.13)

0.374

0.76 (0.62, 0.93)

0.007

0.84 (0.72, 0.98)

0.022

Place of delivery (Institution ®)

 Home

1.23 (1.17, 1.29)

 < 0.001

1.27 (1.17, 1.37)

 < 0.001

1.14 (1.05, 1.24)

0.003

1.60 (1.35, 1.90)

 < 0.001

1.01 (0.83, 1.23)

0.919

1.70 (1.37, 2.12)

 < 0.001

1.09 (0.92, 1.29)

0.301

Family size (≤ 4 ®)

  > 4

0.92 (0.89, 0.95)

 < 0.001

0.84 (0.80, 0.89)

 < 0.001

0.87 (0.82, 0.91)

 < 0.001

0.93 (0.85, 1.02)

0.114

0.91 (0.79, 1.05)

0.187

0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

0.020

1.06 (0.96, 1.16)

0.279

Wealth Index (Rich ®)

 Poor

1.32 (1.28, 1.37)

 < 0.001

1.33 (1.25, 1.42)

 < 0.001

1.62 (1.46, 1.80)

 < 0.001

1.24 (1.15, 1.35)

 < 0.001

1.59 (1.17, 2.16)

0.003

1.46 (1.34, 1.59)

 < 0.001

1.44 (1.32, 1.58)

 < 0.001

 Middle

1.09 (1.04, 1.13)

 < 0.001

1.06 (0.98, 1.15)

0.147

1.18 (1.05, 1.34)

0.008

1.03 (0.94, 1.14)

0.488

1.11 (0.77, 1.59)

0.573

1.22 (1.12, 1.33)

 < 0.001

1.19 (1.08, 1.32)

0.001

Mother's age group (35–49 ®)

 15–24 yrs

1.19 (1.13, 1.26)

 < 0.001

1.09 (1.00, 1.19)

0.056

1.32 (1.18, 1.47)

 < 0.001

1.10 (0.95, 1.27)

0.209

1.40 (1.10, 1.77)

0.007

1.11 (0.96, 1.29)

0.166

1.57 (1.32, 1.89)

 < 0.001

 25–34 yrs

1.00 (0.95, 1.06)

0.954

0.93 (0.85, 1.01)

0.095

1.02 (0.91, 1.14)

0.788

0.94 (0.81, 1.08)

0.351

1.25 (0.99, 1.58)

0.061

0.98 (0.85, 1.14)

0.798

1.26 (1.06, 1.51)

0.009

Intended pregnancy (Wanted then ®)

 Wanted later

1.17 (1.10, 1.24)

 < 0.001

1.16 (1.04, 1.30)

0.008

1.26 (1.15, 1.38)

 < 0.001

1.15 (0.98, 1.35)

0.079

1.07 (0.75, 1.52)

0.726

1.06 (0.87, 1.30)

0.561

1.06 (0.86, 1.31)

0.581

 Wanted no more

1.11 (1.04, 1.18)

0.001

1.07 (0.96, 1.20)

0.232

1.05 (0.94, 1.18)

0.346

1.28 (1.07, 1.53)

0.006

0.92 (0.64, 1.32)

0.642

1.16 (0.92, 1.47)

0.195

1.31 (1.07, 1.61)

0.010

Mother's education (Higher ®)

 No education

1.48 (1.41, 1.56)

 < 0.001

1.55 (1.42, 1.69)

 < 0.001

1.47 (1.31, 1.65)

 < 0.001

1.46 (1.29, 1.66)

 < 0.001

1.69 (1.17, 2.46)

0.005

1.42 (1.24, 1.62)

 < 0.001

1.48 (1.27, 1.74)

 < 0.001

 Primary

1.48 (1.40, 1.56)

 < 0.001

1.59 (1.44, 1.74)

 < 0.001

1.45 (1.28, 1.65)

 < 0.001

1.43 (1.25, 1.65)

 < 0.001

1.45 (1.00, 2.11)

0.048

1.41 (1.22, 1.64)

 < 0.001

1.50 (1.27, 1.77)

 < 0.001

 Secondary

1.34 (1.28, 1.40)

 < 0.001

1.42 (1.31, 1.54)

 < 0.001

1.39 (1.24, 1.56)

 < 0.001

1.30 (1.15, 1.46)

 < 0.001

1.34 (0.95, 1.90)

0.092

1.29 (1.17, 1.41)

 < 0.001

1.33 (1.16, 1.52)

 < 0.001

Received full ANC (Yes ®)

 No

1.16 (1.12, 1.20)

 < 0.001

1.23 (1.14, 1.32)

 < 0.001

1.00 (0.94, 1.07)

0.974

1.33 (1.21, 1.47)

 < 0.001

1.22 (1.02, 1.46)

0.029

1.08 (0.99, 1.17)

0.074

1.14 (1.04, 1.25)

0.005

Timing of first ANC visit (1st trimester ®)

 2nd trimester

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)

0.005

1.03 (0.97, 1.10)

0.376

0.98 (0.91, 1.05)

0.547

1.21 (1.08, 1.35)

0.001

1.03 (0.86, 1.22)

0.776

1.08 (0.96, 1.22)

0.218

1.05 (0.93, 1.19)

0.408

 3rd trimester

1.09 (1.01, 1.16)

0.022

1.08 (0.95, 1.22)

0.238

0.99 (0.85, 1.15)

0.888

1.46 (1.16, 1.83)

0.001

1.12 (0.78, 1.59)

0.543

1.07 (0.91, 1.26)

0.411

1.08 (0.89, 1.31)

0.457

Mother's BMI (Normal ®)

 Underweight

1.29 (1.25, 1.34)

 < 0.001

1.24 (1.17, 1.31)

 < 0.001

1.38 (1.30, 1.46)

 < 0.001

1.31 (1.19, 1.43)

 < 0.001

1.46 (1.23, 1.74)

 < 0.001

1.26 (1.15, 1.38)

 < 0.001

1.21 (1.11, 1.32)

 < 0.001

 Overweight & Obese

0.86 (0.83, 0.90)

 < 0.001

0.91 (0.84, 0.97)

0.008

0.82 (0.75, 0.89)

 < 0.001

0.88 (0.79, 0.97)

0.012

0.66 (0.51, 0.85)

0.001

0.89 (0.82, 0.97)

0.009

0.89 (0.79, 1.00)

0.059

Mother's Anemia (Non anemic ®)

 Anemic

1.06 (1.03, 1.09)

 < 0.001

1.09 (1.04, 1.15)

 < 0.001

1.07 (1.01, 1.13)

0.017

1.07 (0.99, 1.15)

0.081

1.17 (1.01, 1.36)

0.033

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

0.942

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

0.237