Table 2 Crude odds ratio for effects of sociodemographic and maternal factors on low birth weight in Urban India using binary logistic regression

Religion (Hindu ®)

 Muslim

0.86 (0.82, 0.91)

 < 0.001

0.93 (0.83, 1.04)

0.178

0.90 (0.79, 1.03)

0.122

0.78 (0.67, 0.90)

0.001

1.05 (0.68, 1.62)

0.822

0.94 (0.83, 1.05)

0.258

0.76 (0.67, 0.85)

 < 0.001

 Christian

0.81 (0.70, 0.95)

0.008

1.66 (0.75, 3.68)

0.212

0.50 (0.23, 1.09)

0.081

0.98 (0.36, 2.69)

0.970

0.35 (0.20, 0.61)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.77, 1.15)

0.550

2.53 (1.73, 3.70)

 < 0.001

 Other

0.82 (0.71, 0.95)

0.009

0.80 (0.44, 1.46)

0.469

0.61 (0.23, 1.64)

0.326

0.84 (0.68, 1.05)

0.121

0.57 (0.20, 1.61)

0.288

1.96 (1.09, 3.52)

0.026

0.60 (0.46, 0.77)

 < 0.001

Social category (General ®)

 Schedule tribe

0.88 (0.78, 1.00)

0.043

0.89 (0.68, 1.17)

0.412

1.12 (0.83, 1.50)

0.464

1.61 (1.12, 2.31)

0.010

0.50 (0.28, 0.90)

0.021

1.04 (0.79, 1.37)

0.788

0.86 (0.68, 1.09)

0.212

 Schedule caste

1.18 (1.11, 1.26)

 < 0.001

1.11 (0.97, 1.28)

0.129

1.46 (1.26, 1.69)

 < 0.001

1.30 (1.14, 1.48)

 < 0.001

1.41 (0.83, 2.42)

0.206

1.12 (0.93, 1.34)

0.234

1.08 (0.93, 1.25)

0.341

 OBC

1.07 (1.01, 1.13)

0.013

1.03 (0.92, 1.16)

0.626

1.00 (0.87, 1.15)

0.999

1.06 (0.93, 1.21)

0.380

1.31 (0.77, 2.23)

0.312

1.26 (1.07, 1.47)

0.004

1.25 (1.12, 1.41)

 < 0.001

Birth order (1st ®)

 2nd

0.94 (0.90, 0.99)

0.018

0.91 (0.82, 1.01)

0.081

1.00 (0.88, 1.13)

0.980

1.04 (0.93, 1.18)

0.471

0.69 (0.47, 1.02)

0.061

0.85 (0.77, 0.93)

0.001

1.01 (0.91, 1.13)

0.826

 3rd

1.01 (0.94, 1.08)

0.835

0.87 (0.76, 1.00)

0.054

1.04 (0.88, 1.24)

0.625

1.29 (1.10, 1.52)

0.002

0.71 (0.38, 1.29)

0.260

0.94 (0.81, 1.10)

0.455

0.95 (0.81, 1.11)

0.505

  ≥ 4th

1.22 (1.13, 1.33)

 < 0.001

1.08 (0.93, 1.26)

0.329

0.92 (0.75, 1.13)

0.444

1.54 (1.27, 1.87)

 < 0.001

0.84 (0.43, 1.61)

0.592

1.09 (0.84, 1.42)

0.509

1.46 (1.22, 1.74)

 < 0.001

Place of delivery (Institution ®)

 Home

1.27 (1.13, 1.42)

 < 0.001

1.15 (0.96, 1.39)

0.137

0.85 (0.65, 1.12)

0.247

1.59 (1.22, 2.07)

0.001

0.72 (0.29, 1.79)

0.479

1.85 (1.21, 2.84)

0.005

1.47 (1.07, 2.03)

0.017

Family size (≤ 4 ®)

  > 4

1.05 (1.01, 1.11)

0.026

0.92 (0.83, 1.03)

0.138

0.94 (0.84, 1.06)

0.327

1.07 (0.95, 1.21)

0.256

0.97 (0.69, 1.36)

0.854

1.07 (0.98, 1.18)

0.136

1.09 (0.98, 1.21)

0.133

Wealth Index (Rich ®)

 Poor

1.35 (1.27, 1.44)

 < 0.001

1.41 (1.24, 1.60)

 < 0.001

1.55 (1.37, 1.75)

 < 0.001

1.41 (1.13, 1.76)

0.002

1.68 (1.13, 2.51)

0.010

1.52 (1.29, 1.79)

 < 0.001

1.01 (0.85, 1.20)

0.899

 Middle

1.15 (1.09, 1.22)

 < 0.001

1.03 (0.91, 1.17)

0.660

1.17 (1.02, 1.35)

0.023

1.45 (1.25, 1.68)

 < 0.001

1.27 (0.84, 1.93)

0.257

1.05 (0.93, 1.19)

0.400

1.41 (1.25, 1.60)

 < 0.001

Mother's age group (35–49 ®)

 15–24 yrs

1.06 (0.98, 1.15)

0.157

1.26 (1.06, 1.50)

0.008

1.12 (0.90, 1.40)

0.303

1.07 (0.88, 1.30)

0.497

1.32 (0.78, 2.24)

0.304

0.79 (0.67, 0.93)

0.006

1.18 (0.99, 1.42)

0.069

 25–34 yrs

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

0.716

1.10 (0.94, 1.28)

0.247

0.98 (0.79, 1.21)

0.818

0.91 (0.76, 1.08)

0.264

1.17 (0.73, 1.88)

0.513

0.80 (0.69, 0.93)

0.004

1.17 (0.99, 1.38)

0.071

Intended pregnancy (Wanted then ®)

 Wanted later

1.36 (1.23, 1.50)

 < 0.001

1.23 (1.00, 1.50)

0.045

1.53 (1.25, 1.86)

 < 0.001

1.62 (1.34, 1.96)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.45, 2.21)

0.988

0.68 (0.49, 0.95)

0.022

1.44 (1.12, 1.85)

0.004

 Wanted no more

1.14 (1.02, 1.28)

0.023

1.00 (0.79, 1.27)

0.972

0.73 (0.55, 0.98)

0.033

1.34 (1.08, 1.67)

0.008

1.16 (0.48, 2.78)

0.737

1.35 (1.00, 1.81)

0.047

1.31 (0.99, 1.72)

0.060

Mother's education (Higher ®)

 No education

1.49 (1.38, 1.61)

 < 0.001

1.43 (1.24, 1.66)

 < 0.001

1.47 (1.23, 1.76)

 < 0.001

1.72 (1.45, 2.04)

 < 0.001

1.18 (0.57, 2.44)

0.650

1.36 (1.08, 1.70)

0.008

1.05 (0.85, 1.30)

0.644

 Primary

1.76 (1.63, 1.90)

 < 0.001

1.80 (1.53, 2.13)

 < 0.001

1.58 (1.31, 1.89)

 < 0.001

1.80 (1.50, 2.15)

 < 0.001

1.16 (0.65, 2.09)

0.613

1.76 (1.44, 2.15)

 < 0.001

1.61 (1.35, 1.91)

 < 0.001

 Secondary

1.25 (1.18, 1.31)

 < 0.001

1.40 (1.25, 1.57)

 < 0.001

0.92 (0.80, 1.07)

0.276

1.43 (1.26, 1.63)

 < 0.001

0.81 (0.54, 1.23)

0.320

1.30 (1.18, 1.44)

 < 0.001

1.16 (1.03, 1.30)

0.013

Received full ANC (Yes ®)

 No

1.21 (1.15, 1.27)

 < 0.001

1.15 (1.02, 1.30)

0.021

1.11 (0.98, 1.26)

0.105

1.21 (1.07, 1.36)

0.002

1.29 (0.89, 1.89)

0.181

1.09 (0.98, 1.21)

0.116

1.26 (1.13, 1.40)

 < 0.001

Timing of first ANC visit (1st trimester ®)

 2nd trimester

1.15 (1.08, 1.23)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.82, 1.08)

0.372

1.34 (1.15, 1.56)

 < 0.001

1.28 (1.09, 1.51)

0.003

1.26 (0.81, 1.97)

0.308

0.86 (0.71, 1.03)

0.108

1.28 (1.10, 1.48)

0.001

 3rd trimester

1.14 (1.03, 1.27)

0.012

1.40 (1.10, 1.78)

0.007

1.07 (0.78, 1.46)

0.672

1.68 (1.26, 2.24)

 < 0.001

0.63 (0.20, 1.98)

0.428

0.86 (0.70, 1.06)

0.163

1.31 (1.07, 1.61)

0.008

Mother's BMI (Normal ®)

 Underweight

1.33 (1.25, 1.42)

 < 0.001

1.31 (1.13, 1.51)

 < 0.001

1.46 (1.26, 1.69)

 < 0.001

1.44 (1.21, 1.72)

 < 0.001

1.91 (1.22, 3.00)

0.005

1.43 (1.24, 1.66)

 < 0.001

1.15 (1.00, 1.33)

0.043

 Overweight & Obese

0.95 (0.90, 1.00)

0.038

0.84 (0.75, 0.94)

0.002

0.85 (0.74, 0.97)

0.020

0.97 (0.86, 1.10)

0.650

0.67 (0.42, 1.07)

0.093

1.07 (0.97, 1.18)

0.170

1.08 (0.96, 1.20)

0.199

Mother's Anemia (Non anemic ®)

 Anemic

1.05 (1.00, 1.10)

0.036

1.17 (1.06, 1.29)

0.002

1.02 (0.90, 1.14)

0.802

1.07 (0.96, 1.19)

0.242

1.74 (1.21, 2.50)

0.003

0.99 (0.90, 1.09)

0.804

0.92 (0.83, 1.02)

0.104