Table 6 Multivariate logistic regression models assessing the factors associated with the caesarean section delivery in India, Tamil Nadu, and Chhattisgarh (NFHS-4; 2015-16 & NFHS-5;2019-21)

Caste

Scheduled Castes

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Scheduled Tribes

0.76***

0.68***

0.70*

0.69*

1.19

0.58*

(0.69–0.84)

(0.63–0.74)

(0.48–1.02)

(0.47–1.01)

(0.69–2.05)

(0.33–1.04)

Other Backward Castes

0.89***

0.90***

0.96

1.00

0.97

0.93

(0.84–0.95)

(0.85–0.95)

(0.68–1.35)

(0.73–1.38)

(0.83–1.14)

(0.77–1.13)

Others

0.93*

0.94*

1.62**

1.11

1.31

0.88

(0.87–1.01)

(0.88–1.01)

(1.05–2.52)

(0.65–1.91)

(0.86–2.00)

(0.50–1.53)

Religion

Hindu

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Muslim

0.95

0.96

1.29

1.09

1.04

0.87

(0.88–1.02)

(0.89–1.02)

(0.64–2.62)

(0.39–3.01)

(0.73–1.47)

(0.61–1.22)

Others

0.98

1.16***

0.52*

0.39**

1.26

0.98

(0.89–1.09)

(1.06–1.28)

(0.25–1.08)

(0.17–0.87)

(0.94–1.69)

(0.68–1.39)

Type of Residence

Urban

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Rural

0.86***

0.89***

1.24

0.78

1.16*

1.18**

(0.81–0.91)

(0.85–0.94)

(0.94–1.63)

(0.57–1.07)

(0.99–1.35)

(1.02–1.37)

Woman’s education level

Illiterate

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Primary

1.20***

1.15***

1.24

1.38

1.16

1.60*

(1.09–1.32)

(1.06–1.26)

(0.79–1.94)

(0.82–2.31)

(0.78–1.72)

(0.92–2.78)

Secondary

1.24***

1.40***

1.09

1.47*

1.13

1.29

(1.16–1.34)

(1.31–1.50)

(0.70–1.70)

(0.96–2.25)

(0.83–1.54)

(0.77–2.14)

Higher

1.25***

1.21***

1.09

1.94**

1.01

1.12

(1.14–1.37)

(1.15–1.27)

(0.64–1.86)

(1.15–3.25)

(0.71–1.44)

(0.66–1.90)

Age at marriage

Below 18 years

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

18 Years or above

1.05*

1

0.8

1.02

1.15

1.14

(1.00–1.11)

(0.95–1.06)

(0.59–1.10)

(0.72–1.43)

(0.96–1.38)

(0.91–1.42)

Exposure to media

Nil

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Partial

1.40***

1.34

1.34***

1.13

0.99

0.77

(1.30–1.50)

(1.26–1.42)

(1.26–1.42)

(0.82–1.56)

(0.58–1.68)

(0.55–1.07)

Full

1.43***

1.33

1.33***

1.28

0.81

0.71*

(1.28–1.60)

(1.21–1.46)

(1.21–1.46)

(0.80–2.05)

(0.46–1.42)

(0.48–1.05)

Number of ANC Visits

0

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1–3

1.13***

0.88***

0.84

1.05

0.95

1.33

(1.03–1.23)

(0.80–0.97)

(0.37–1.90)

(0.62–1.78)

(0.67–1.33)

(0.82–2.14)

4+

1.72***

1.23***

1.13

0.94

1.17

1.21

(1.58–1.87)

(1.12–1.35)

(0.51–2.51)

(0.56–1.58)

(0.91–1.49)

(0.87–1.69)

Woman’s age

15–24

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

25–34

1.20***

1.36***

1.32**

1.26*

1.31***

1.37***

(1.14–1.26)

(1.30–1.43)

(1.01–1.72)

(0.96–1.64)

(1.11–1.54)

(1.14–1.64)

35–49

1.74***

2.10***

1.66*

2.15***

2.00***

2.22***

(1.57–1.92)

(1.92–2.29)

(0.97–2.84)

(1.37–3.39)

(1.40–2.87)

(1.63–3.02)

Size of child at birth

Average

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Small

1.10***

1.17***

1.42*

0.70*

1.07

1.31**

(1.03–1.18)

(1.10–1.25)

(0.96–2.09)

(0.48–1.02)

(0.84–1.35)

(1.02–1.68)

Large

1.31***

1.20***

1.44**

0.89

1.16**

1.11

(1.24–1.39)

(1.14–1.26)

(1.08–1.92)

(0.65–1.20)

(1.00–1.34)

(0.92–1.34)

Woman’s BMI

Underweight

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Normal

1.37***

0.75***

1.23

0.79

1.33***

0.70***

(1.29–1.45)

(0.70–0.79)

(0.92–1.66)

(0.59–1.05)

(1.10–1.61)

(0.56–0.87)

Overweight

2.91***

2.11***

2.53**

2.13***

2.85***

1.69***

(2.54–3.34)

(1.95–2.29)

(1.19–5.39)

(1.20–3.76)

(2.06–3.93)

(1.37–2.07)

Pregnancy complications

No

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Present

1.14***

1.15

1.21

1.52***

1.08

1.20**

(1.09–1.19)

(1.10–1.20)

(0.96–1.52)

(1.22–1.89)

(0.93–1.24)

(1.03–1.39)

Ever had a terminated pregnancy

No

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Yes

1.20***

1.18***

1.16

1.01

0.94

1.14

(1.12–1.27)

(1.12–1.24)

(0.88–1.53)

(0.71–1.44)

(0.78–1.13)

(0.95–1.36)

Birth order

1

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

2

0.81***

0.80***

0.82

1.01

0.91

0.76***

(0.76–0.85)

(0.76–0.84)

(0.63–1.07)

(0.78–1.29)

(0.78–1.06)

(0.65–0.88)

3

0.47***

0.42***

0.49***

0.48***

0.46***

0.37***

(0.44–0.51)

(0.39–0.45)

(0.31–0.79)

(0.33–0.72)

(0.36–0.59)

(0.29–0.49)

4 or more

0.25***

0.23***

0.35***

0.40***

0.24***

0.33***

(0.22–0.28)

(0.20–0.25)

(0.20–0.63)

(0.24–0.66)

(0.14–0.41)

(0.18–0.59)

Wealth quintile

Poor

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Non-poor

1.32***

1.21***

1.43**

1.2

0.94

1.02

(1.24–1.40)

(1.15–1.27)

(1.08–1.89)

(0.91–1.57)

(0.78–1.13)

(0.85–1.24)

Place of delivery

Public

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

Private

3.65***

3.90***

10.02***

9.57***

2.64***

2.65***

(3.46–3.84)

(3.74–4.06)

(7.63–13.16)

(7.51–12.20)

(2.25–3.09)

(2.27–3.10)

Constant

0.07***

0.08***

0.06***

0.06***

0.33***

0.42***

(0.06–0.08)

(0.07–0.09)

(0.02–0.16)

(0.03–0.14)

(0.16–0.68)

(0.19–0.87)

Observations

1,36,814

1,42,661

4,757

5,257

5,939

5,083