Table 4 Hierarchical linear regression models predicting maternal melatonin parameters from temporal macronutrient intake (n = 70)

Step 1:

Maternal age

0.41

0.006**

0.28

0.030*

0.33

0.014*

0.42

0.003**

0.23

0.183

Pre-pregnancy BMI

-0.10

0.456

-0.33

0.010*

-0.21

0.085

-0.25

0.057

-0.22

0.178

Gestational age

0.07

0.578

-0.14

0.270

-0.20

0.097

-0.11

0.398

-0.51

0.006**

Fetal sex

0.15

0.289

-0.01

0.910

0.05

0.701

0.03

0.817

0.001

0.996

Sleep time

-0.44

0.005**

-0.19

0.164

-0.26

0.055

-0.31

0.028*

0.07

0.683

ΔR² for step 1

0.279

0.014*

0.223

0.024*

0.278

0.006**

0.311

0.005**

0.274

0.105

Step 2:

Carbohydrate:

Average carbohydrate (g/day)

-

-

0.15

0.241

-

-

-

-

-

-

% Carbohydrate 12:00–15:00 h

-

-

-0.37

0.003**

-

-

-

-

-

-

ΔAverage carbohydrate (g/day)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.28

0.122

Δ% Carbohydrate 12:00–15:00 h

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.40

0.026*

Protein:

Average protein (g/day)

-

-

-

-

0.25

0.049*

-

-

-

-

% Protein 12:00–15:00 h

-

-

-

-

-0.27

0.036*

-

-

-

-

Fat:

Average fat (g/day)

-0.03

0.821

-

-

-

-

0.10

0.421

-

-

% Fat 12:00–15:00 h

-0.28

0.041*

-

-

-

-

-0.32

0.014*

-

-

ΔR² for step 2

0.075

0.110

0.145

0.007**

0.094

0.037*

0.098

0.040*

0.144

0.063

F_model

3.135

0.010*

3.995

0.002**

3.987

0.002**

4.148

0.002**

2.561

0.039*