Table 3 Odds ratio of caesarean birth among women aged 15-49 in Bangladesh by background characteristics, Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2017-18

Women’s age (in years)

 15–24

Ref.

 25–34

1.18(0.89–1.57)

 ≥35

2.12**(1.20–3.75)

Women’s education

 No education

Ref.

 Primary

0.57*(0.30–1.09)

 Secondary

0.62(0.33–1.18)

 Higher

0.71(0.35–1.42)

Working status

 No

Ref.

 Yes

0.77**(0.61–0.98)

Mass Media Exposure

 No Exposure

Ref.

 Exposure

1.27*(0.96–1.67)

Body Mass Index

 Underweight

0.98(0.72–1.33)

 Normal

Ref.

 Overweight and Obese

1.42***(1.09–1.85)

Birth order

 First

Ref.

 2nd order

1.07(0.80–1.41)

 3 or more

0.72*(0.49–1.04)

ANC visits

 No visit

Ref.

 1–3 visits

1.69(0.77–3.72)

 4 or more

2.51**(1.13–5.56)

Place of delivery

 Public

Ref.

 Private

7.36***(5.74–9.42)

Husband’s education

 No education

 Primary

0.72(0.47–1.10)

 Secondary

0.76(0.49–1.17)

 Higher

0.94(0.57–1.55)

Husband’s occupation

 Unemployed

Ref.

Professional/Technical/Managerial

1.28(0.58–2.84)

 Sales

1.15(0.55–2.42)

 Agricultural

1.33(0.62–2.84)

 Services

1.55(0.73–3.3)

 Skilled And Unskilled

1.13(0.55–2.34)

Religion

 Islam

Ref.

 Others

0.94(0.66–1.35)

Wealth Index

 Poorest

Ref.

 Poorer

1.27(0.85–1.92)

 Middle

1.22(0.80–1.86)

 Richer

1.08(0.70–1.68)

 Richest

1.90**(1.15–3.13)

Place of residence

 Urban

0.81(0.62–1.06)

 Rural

Ref.

Division

 Barisal

Ref.

 Chittagong

0.54**(0.33–0.86)

 Dhaka

1.12(0.69–1.82)

 Khulna

1.26(0.77–2.09)

 Mymensingh

1.26(0.74–2.12)

 Rajshahi

1.05(0.63–1.74)

 Rangpur

0.63*(0.38–1.04)

 Sylhet

1.16(0.69–1.96)

ICC (S.E.)

7.1 (0.04)